Research in Practice

Introduction Population growth and issues such as globalisation are the main drivers behind an increase in demand in the food sector. According to the USDA (2012), â€Å"Processed soybeans are the world’s largest source of animal protein feed and the second largest source of vegetable oil†. This can be used as an indicator that there is a constant demand for soybean in the food industry. Whilst it is a fact that the US are leaders in soy production, according to a study by the IDEI (2012), soybean is mainly imported into the EU as there is high demand and a large variety of products that are made with or from soybean. In fact, demand exceeds its production (0.9 million tons/year) and imports reach around 30-35 million tons per year. France, for example, produces approximately 140,000 tons per year and imports around 4 million tons of soybean meals for animal consumption, including 0.5 million tons of seeds. This type of issue has external and internal factors that could influence the PESTEL factor of governments within the EU. This is especially pertinent in Poland where economic dependency is on imports or on a small number of key suppliers. Nevertheless, different issues can be analysed in order to identify these types of problems, but one of the main factors is the controversy of GM and non-GM soybeans. The EU legislations refer to the non-authorization of the GM soybean and other GM crops in the EU, and authorization of high levels of import of GM soybean. This eventually means that 50% of soybean meals imported include GM. Nevertheless, issues such as the supply chain and the end consumers tend to be interested in healthier foods, and where the place of the soy protein ingredients could take place. Therefore, the study of the supply chain and adaptation of appropriate strategies may affect the increase in efficiency and profitability. Literature Review Focusing on the concept of supply chain, there are several studies aimed at understanding where a common view on the supply chain is found. For example, according to Simchi-Levi et. al (2007), it is clearly seen that the supply chain involves developing an efficiency for all of the inputs, while going through a process of transformation and coming up with the outputs using the best possible strategy. This has led to the development of new tactics and strategies in terms of operational and planning processes of the supply chain (Simchi-Levi et al., 2004) Nonetheless, Kreipl and Pinedo (2004) have discussed that in order to achieve a successful operation, there should be a decent planning of supply chain and goal setting. With an account of the whole structure of the organisation including micro and macro technological and financial factors (Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Bowersox et al., 2002), the supply chain is being studied in many different variations such as strategic and tactics. However, in simple business conceptuality, it is mainly about receiving minimum costs and predicting movement of the business. In order to be more specific, according to various researchers, there are five main factors that are involved with supply chain management such as the use of outsource teams (Bal et al, 1999) and according to Christopher (2000), the incorporation of processes which spread the risks but also the income. This can lead to better ICT skills (Morash, 2001) and also helps with a long-term relationship with the suppliers (Schonsleben, 2000). On the other hand, there are cases where wrong planning and expectation lead to relationship issues between partners and therefore, the production process. In order to ensure these issues are avoided, a coordination of the managers in different departments should be presented (GEMI, 2004). According to Anderson and Tushman (1990) and Christensen (2003), it might be overlapped by being more innovatively structured within the existing market, or as Griffin and Page (1996) argue, being new in the market in terms of the first mover. On the other hand, Sebastiao and Golicic (2008) combine the two views and argue that the success of a company is based on the development of the supply chain such as the dynamics of the market. Frazelle (2002) states that the entire organisation across the supply chain should co-ordinate in order to maximise shareholder and customer cost through methods such as analysis of the measurement from operations, vertical integration which collaborates the logistics and logistics services. The changes in international business have led to changes in the supply chain and pose many questions towards these changes and the strategies that should be taken by companies (Christopher, 2005), Hopkin (2010) adds to this perception and argues that supply chain management becomes even more important due to global business. Nontheless, according to Bozart and Handfield (2006), the company’s survival depends on the way that the supply chain managers operate it. The leading point of supply chain managers is the ability to create a competitive advantage (Klassen and Johnson, 2004). Lavoie (2005) provides an example of the agricultural product, wheat, in which the importance of the supply chain and the logistical performance are more dynamic in than simply the competition even though the process differs due to difference in handing and supply chain process. The price differs by grade of protein and other characteristics. According to the USDA, forecasts for vegetable protein demand in 2011 have grown compared to previous years which means that the availability of meal from South America might be lowered and this might be seen as opportunity for the USA to expand its share of the Polish soybean meal. (Agata Kingsbury, 2011) Thesis statement The main aim of this research is to allocate the supply chain of the soybean in Poland, the main producers, especially the main consumers and customers, and to allocate gaps in the market which could be seen as emerging business opportunities. There should be an understanding of the latest data and the major stakeholders of this particular market and industry. This could eventually identify gaps in the market, and might be a useful tool for market research in emerging members of the EU such as Poland, eventually creating potential strategies for establishment of a business in this specific industry. The following research could be conducted with secondary and primary research which is available through major agricultural institutions and different major players of the market, such as traders but mainly comes from the users of the Soybean in Poland. There will be a comparison with Non-EU markets as they are part of the stakeholders and exporters. With the allocation of the existing organisations in Poland, there might be an outcome for potential markets. There will therefore be primary research such as interviews with professionals included. Methodology Philosophy of StudyThe two following philosophies of Positivism and Interpretivism are going to be examined during the research of the emerging opportunities in the Polish market with soybeans. The first theory will be looking at other theories and attempting to generalise them through looking at their outcomes both in and observable social reality which eventually can lead to gathering of relevant data such as by looking at the market performance in Poland and trying to relate it to the concept of growth in the market and possible market gaps in EU food industry (Remenyi et al., 1998). On the other hand, there will be the use of an interpretivistic approach throughout the analysis of the interviews with the different Soybean producers and traders in Poland and other countries in the EU so as to non-EU members such as Ukraine, and finally, when evaluating the research findings based on the interviews for the industry professionals.Approach This research will mainly analyse business opportunities in the Polish Soybean market in the food production sector and is going to be conducted using the inductive approach. According to Bryman and Bell (2007), this particular method is the relationship between theory and the research that is being undertaken and finally, trying to evaluate and create a theory or concept out of the research. As in this particular research, there will be an analysis and study of the soybean in Poland and attempts to evaluate the issues that might relate to theory and concept which are the possibilities to market opportunities in Poland as an EU member, possibly become a European leader in producing soybean food products and potentially create possible strategies to develop the Soybean food industry in Poland by learning its implications and potential growth. Purpose of Research Explanatory research tends to be conducted by the researcher as the initial research requires the use of a decent amount of surveys to indicate the main topics for subsequent research. Consequently, I will conduct research of emerging possibilities in the Soybean industry in Poland and the EU and its possible growth and development, possibly finding challenges in the market of the food industry in Poland by looking at data analysis, eventually being able to develop a strategized correlation. Therefore, the qualitative data that will be researched may allow this understanding and will adopt a clear vision of possibilities at relatively new markets. This particular method could be seen the most appropriate out of the three methods for this type of study (Lee, Collier & Cullen, 2007) Research Design As the main research focuses on the Soybean market in Poland and its effect on the food industry in Poland and the EU, I will be studying these particular industries and their potential growth and strategic analysis and finally, recommendations. Therefore, the study will involve a case study of large multinational companies that are mainly controlling the industry in term of their size and pricing. These companies include Cargill, Topfer, Bunge, Desmet Ballesetra, EuroFin and other possible American and EU organisations that can be found throughout the duration of the research. According to Saunders et al., there is a need for using various companies for research in order to gain a better understanding and establish the relevant data necessary for the research. The Mmin purpose in the collection date from these companies is due to the fact that they are deeply involved in the market and have strong forces of influence on it. An important factor is to interview these companies and their regional director in order to begin to create an image of the Polish soybean market and its supply chain, and finding the reasons of why and what could be done better. Another important issue is why Polish is being studied and this is due to the fact that it is relatively new market and a new member of the EU with large potential in terms of development and its geographical and logistical preferences. Sample Size In this particular research, the sample will consist mainly of the Polish Soybean market and companies motioned above that are operated in Poland. As these soybean companies in Poland are European members, there will be an analysis of the EU soybean market and the main aspects of the supply chain of this particular business. I expect the sample size to grow over the period of this research. Secondary Research As mentioned earlier, there will be a study of the supply chain of the business. Therefore, there is a need to provide secondary data drawing on books on supply chain, statistics of worldwide agricultural figures and changes, and journal articles of the companies’ performance. In order to indicate the performance of the market and any potential gaps in Polish soybean market which eventually could lead to credible data for business strategy, there will be other sources that are provided by the case study such as reports and presentations of new strategies and their supply chain. Primary Research Furthermore, there is a need to research primary data, based on direct interactions with the studied area and the main companies involved in the industry. There is also a need to study the agricultural polish department in terms of regulation and understanding the actual business in terms of legality, and to eventually conduct an analysis based on primary findings from processing companies in the food industry in Poland in the case of the Non-GMO soybeans. In this particular research, the most suitable method for primary research is a direct interview technique which consist of mostly semi-structured interviews. There will be five interviews in total that will be taken during the summer of 2013. One interview will take place with the CEO of the multinational company Bunge and another interview will be conducted with the CEO of other similar company; MNC Toepfer. In both interviews, the main focus of the conversation will be the relationship of companies in Poland on their activates of business in Poland, from their trading perspective and so as manufacturing and relationship with local producers. Such as their supply chain, or challenges that they face in this field in Poland, so as their main reasons for entering these specific markets. Another interview will take place with a non EU member but also a major importer to Europe of Non-GMO soybean. This is the Ukrainian company ATK. The main aspect of this interview is to research the soybean market in terms of its production in the EU and the main concerns of food producers. Geographically, Ukraine has a potential for business in Poland with the Soybean, especially as Ukraine is one of the largest agricultural exporters in the world Two more interviews will be conducted with the Polish Soybean Extracting company Zlato Zerno and one with the Agricultural Ministry office in Poland. These interviews will be conducted to understand the actual concept of Non-GMO and the role of soy in the food sector in Poland and the EU. In terms of reliability and validity of the data, there may be couple of challenges such as whether the companies would like to provide the needed information, and if so, whether it would be based on academic material and world financial organisations such as the USDA. Ethical Issues The main ethical issues that might arise involve the primary research. When companies are studied, particularly private enterprises where there is a lack of transparency, there might be protection of particular data. Another factor is that most of the interviews are going to be conducted in foreign languages such as Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian and therefore, there will be a need for translation in order to avoid misunderstanding of the cultural differences in terms of language. Resources When referring back to the primary research, there are a variety of places that the interviews are going to take place in such as Warsaw, Kiev, Krakow, and potentially in Belgium. Interviews will take place over a two-month period of summer and shall end in London for evaluations.and further interviews on Skype or via e-mails. Conclusion Considering the growth of globalisation, the increase of border-free trade between different countries, the dramatic increase in migration and population growth and the rise in concern for healthier products and a more sustainable environment, there is a need for food processing with constant growth in this particular area. This particular research is aimed at covering the knowledge in this industry and sphere, so as to conduct strategic analysis and eventually to make outcomes on the development of the food industry in Poland, within the context of Non-GMO soybean, and its potential growth, by looking at Poland and so as Europe and non European member which are geographically European. Bibliography Anderson, P., and Tushman, M.L. 1990. ‘‘Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change.’’ Administrative Science Quar- terly 25:604–33. Babcock, B.A Beghin, J. (1999). Potential Market for Non-GMO Corn and Soybeans. Available: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18294/1/bp990027.pdf. Last accessed 15th Apr 2013. Bal, J., Wilding, R. & Gundry, J. (1999).†Virtual Teaming in the agile Supply Chain,† International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(2). 71-82 Banaszkiewicz, T . (2011). 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Soy protein. Available at http://www.ussec.org/resources/soyprotein.html Last accessed 17th Apr 2013. Young, V. R. and Scrimshaw, N. S. (1979). Soybean protein in human nutrition: An overview. J. American Oil Chemists Soc., 56: 110-120.

My Beloved City

The bustling city is alive. The stimulation of crowds and traffic generate energy that challenges the human spirit. Perhaps that is why the city dweller reflects the image of an angry, stressed and unfriendly person. But that was not my case. Young, impatient, eager to make a difference, I was trying to open my way through the crowded streets, noisy and indifferent people. You could smell the excitement. Unfortunately, the revelry would not last too long. The tranquility of the country life that appealed my mind was recorded history. Bucharest, distinguished. The sheer amalgamation of cultures and eras comes together wonderfully and uniquely and is easily identifiable by simply looking at the objects that render a city —the buildings. The way they were erected, the style that is embedded in them, and even the political statements that they seem to shout, it all makes the architecture of Bucharest extraordinary. I started wondering the streets and found myself amazed that beyond all the hostile appearance I could notice the three most prominent styles of architecture that could be seen in Romania’s capital. The old fashioned and classic style of the baroque era that transformed Bucharest into the Paris of the East; The totalitarian and dominant style of the communist regimes and the style that immediately followed: modern Romanian architecture. The baroque and romantic years swept through the East and soon artisans of all sorts were embarking on journeys of creative freedom that permeated all aspects of life. Architecture was no exception. Around Bucharest, gargoyles loomed, guarding elaborately arched windows. The city skyline began to teem with decorated roofs, high and sweeping, shingled with coppers and stained woods. The sight of medieval architecture that survived the communism, combined with modernism, gave a special meaning to this city. Although the excitement is far from gone as the buildings collapsed in people’s indifference, I still find myself trapped in the magic that Bucharest inspired me from the beginning, to live and learn and mostly try to survive. I cannot say it is the best city I have ever seen. Far from being home, for me it was the best place to get lost in.

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Lobster - Annotated Bibliography Example king such an in-depth and a wide consideration of resolution alternatives, the author addresses the questions one would ask about lobster in every day diet. The work is representative of diverse health related opinions which isolate lobster consumption as central in the human effort to achieve sustainable physical health. The subject under discussion highlights the increasing popularity of lobster. The festivals organized to entertain tourists emphasizes the role of this creature. In this respect, the text is relevant to the topic under discussion as it highlights the nutritional significance of lobster.The criticism that can be directed towards this text concerns the central theme of the debate which emphasizes the injustice done to this animal through boiling and overcrowding. It is therefore important to underscore the slight deviation of the text from the theme of the present campaign. However, in general, the author contributes to the topic by highlighting the place of lobster in most important nutrients list that may justify its boiling. Flynn gives an assertive view point on the overwhelming irresponsibility of humanity towards nature. At the center of this text’s discussion is the need to care for animals. The history of Maine lobster festival is criticized in respect of selfish tourist interest at the expense of the creature. It can therefore be observed that the author emphasizes the need to reconsider lobster boiling and the height of mistreatment they are exposed to. Animal cruelty is exemplified by lobster boiling and this is where the author comes in to give deeper explanation. Exploring the sociological perspective of animal cruelty is a sensitive debate as the author notes and serves as a pointer to abdication of duty towards nature. The relevance of this text seems so open in regard to the debate on cruel treatment of lobster. Besides, lobster is just one among the other aspects of nature that has been less taken care of by man. The title of

Darwinism versus Creationism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Darwinism versus Creationism - Research Paper Example Darwinism versus Creationism Introduction The significant difference between Darwinism and Creationism is that Darwinism is based on data while Creationism is based on human belief (Scott, 2005). Darwinism is a theory of the original perpetuation of new species of plants and animals which offspring from a certain organism. According to Darwinism, natural selection favors the survival of some species which makes new species arise with time forming divergent variety and groups of plants and animals (Scott, 2005). Darwinism is based on the concept of biological evolution whereby DNA strands cause differences in plants such as color and height of plants and animals (Young & Largent, 2007). On the other hand, Creationism is a doctrine which holds that the world and various forms of life were created by God out of nothing (Scott, 2005). Unlike Darwinism, creationism is not a scientific theory but is based on religious beliefs and doctrines. Charles Darwin theory of origin of species that w as published in 1859 demonstrated that organisms produce offspring that is capable of living and that variations occur in every species population (Young & Largent, 2007). ... Darwinism theory is based on the idea that species change over time and space. Populations in different geographical areas will differ in behavior and physical make up like the fossil deposits (Young & Largent, 2007). According to Darwinism, all species share a common ancestor like human beings share a common ancestor with Chimpanzees some eight million years ago and with Kangaroos some one hundred million years ago (Witham, 2005). According to natural selection process which forms the basis of Darwinism, organisms will exhibit variations in their behavior and physical appearance like voice variations and facial marks. Such traits are passed from the ancestor to offspring but some traits may be influenced by the environmental conditions (Witham, 2005). A trait must pass an advantage to the offspring in order to survive during the struggle for limited resources. The gradual change of the population takes many years like 100,000 rather than creation of new species which is the creation ism belief. Darwinism theory is evident since industrial melanism phenomenon which was experienced during industrial revolution caused tree trunks to darken while light colored moths diminished while black colored moths became abundant. The organisms also transfer genetics to the offspring. Due to competition for the limited resources, the organisms with advantageous traits will survive the competition and continue reproduction. Darwinism theory has been proved by the DNA evidence since parents pass some genes to the offspring (Scott, 2005). On the other hand, Creationism asserts that natural selection doctrine by Darwinism has not been proved scientifically. According

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Climate change also known as global warming is a worldwide natural phenomenon that has threatened the existence of many plant and animal species as well as the human race. Because of the significant amount of greenhouses trapped within the earth’s atmosphere, the planet is on the verge of having erratic and unpredictable climate patterns. For the last decade, the world has witnessed the initial effects of climate change particularly during the Hurricane Katrina tragedy and the intensified drought in Africa. According to the â€Å"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change† (IPCC), in the future, the likelihood of experiencing worse conditions of flood, drought and â€Å"other forms of extreme weather† will be rampant. Eventually, this will only lead to more loss of life and the destruction of the biosphere (United Nations Environment Programme). The common green house gas that is emitted into the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO2) which is being produced at an alarming rate. During the industrial revolution, the CO2 emission was measured at 280 parts per million (ppm) but now in the modern age, the level of CO2 has reached 390 ppm and it is continuously increasing by 1. 5 to 2 ppm every year. Based on the research conducted by environmental experts, the temperature in the earth’s atmosphere should only be at 2 degrees Celsius in order for all life forms to tolerate the warmth or coldness of the atmosphere. Also, scientists disclosed that there is a â€Å"50 per cent chance of keeping to 2 °C if the total GHG concentration remains below 450 ppm† (United Nations Environment Programme). Given these data, it has been evident that the production of green house gases had greatly affected the dynamics of the environment. As a result, a set of related problems have surfaced such as amplified carbon emissions, dependence on fossil fuels and use of excessive natural raw materials and energy for infrastructures. In the contemporary world, fossil fuels have been considered as one of the essential elements needed to live a comfortable modern life. In its basic form, fossil fuels are not damaging but the moment they are burned that is the only time they become harmful because they produce carbon dioxide. More so, the quantity of CO2 yielded would depend on the fuel’s carbon content. For the production of a â€Å"unit of energy,† more or less ? of CO2 is generated from coal. According to the statistics, â€Å"fossil fuels supply 85%of the primary energy consumed in the United States and are responsible for 98% of emissions of carbon dioxide. † More so, a startling figure of 80% has been attributed to the â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions† of many Americans which is credited to the utilization of â€Å"coal and petroleum fuels. † Though the industrial sector is the biggest consumer of energy, it is not the highest producer of CO2 emission. Because of the dependence of the transportation segment in petroleum, it has become the number one emitter of CO2 (Energy Information Administration). Also, the commercial and residential sectors contribute to the energy consumption by being too reliant on electricity produced by fossil fuels. Given this circumstance, the US government had signed the Kyoto Protocol which is intended to dramatically lessen carbon emissions across the globe. However, the US withdrew from its commitment and since then its CO2 production had risen to â€Å"more than 15% above 1990 levels. † More so, former President Bush disclosed in 2001 that the US government would not ratify the Kyoto Protocol because it would only result to a financial crisis and other countries particularly the developing ones were not compelled to reduce their CO2 production. Furthermore, he mentioned that CO2 reduction would be more possible if it is done in a voluntary manner and â€Å"through the development of cleaner technologies† (BBC). Since little efforts have been implemented to stop the emission of CO2 and to break the dependence towards fossil fuels, the natural resources are rapidly depleting and the earth’s temperature is continuously rising. However, there is still hope for this worsening environmental situation. Many alternative methods and products that can be utilized in order to mitigate the effects and eventually stop climate change. There are three potential policies that can be implemented by every government or institutions in the world which are the following: (1) Transportation conservation; (2) Use of Biofuel; and (3) Building Efficiency. These policies can significantly address the issues concerning climate change if it will be solidly implemented by concerned organizations or government agencies and strongly supported by the public. Transportation conservation is a process that involves the act of minimizing the use of gas-powered vehicles that emit the harmful carbon gases. The policy concerning transportation conservation can be implemented in the community or national level in order to feel its utmost impact to people’s daily living and even in the environment. There are many ways on how to make this policy work. The promotion for the use mass public transit would be an initiative that will lessen the consumption of fuel gas thus carbon emissions. Based on statistics, there over 65% of the population drive alone, only 20% practices carpool, â€Å"5% walk, 3% work at home† and a shocking 7% uses the public transit system specifically in the states of Chicago and New York. Through this, an ordinary individual can save up an average of 700 gallons of gas annually which costs $1000 to $2000 (University of Oregon). Second, in order to minimize travel, people can opt to work at home (telecommuting) or close to their home. By adapting this lifestyle, people would be less dependent on the use of cars or any type of vehicles. More so, people can opt to walk or use a bike or any vehicle that does not require gas in order to go from point A to point B. Once this is implemented and carried out by thousands of people, it is definite that there will be a significant decline in the earth’s temperature. It has done before during World War II and is surely possible and doable in the modern era. Another solution would be to remove the dependence to fossil fuel gas. It is not easy to disregard the conveniences that people have grown into. But by seeking alternative ways to power the people’s vehicles, the earth’s atmosphere can still be salvage. Biofuel is a renewable energy that is harvested from renewable sources including biomass such as wheat and corn. Unlike fossil fuels, these natural resources can easily be produced in an environmentally-friendly way. The many benefits of using biofuel are â€Å"energy security, reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, improve vehicle performance, enhance rural economic development and, under the right circumstances, protect ecosystems and soils† (International Energy Agency 11). If biofuel will be imposed as the perfect alternative to gas, it will make a huge difference in resolving climate change. On the other hand, the consumption of energy of infrastructure also contributes in the increase of the releases of CO2. Usually, buildings in the US use up to 40% of energy and 70% electricity. Government and non-governmental organizations have started to campaign for the construction of green or smart buildings. This type of infrastructure focuses on the optimal use of the natural resources and energy for a â€Å"large-scale avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction in U. S. demand for fossil fuels† (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). To be able to build energy efficient infrastructures, certain green standards must be established. But first, owners of existing commercial buildings must be persuaded to modify their buildings to become energy efficient which will help them save more money and more profits (Klustner). Among the three mentioned potential policies on climate change, transportation conservation is the best and practical way to alleviate the effects of global warming. It is an easy and simple method that everyone can follow. However, in order for this policy to work, public support and implementation sustainability must be guaranteed. Works Cited â€Å"Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. † 2004. International Energy Agency. 23 March 2009 http://www. iea. org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004. pdf â€Å"Building efficiency technologies. † 2009. Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://web. mit. edu/mitei/research/innovations/efficiency. html â€Å"Climate change: The big emitters. † 4 July 2005. BBC. 23 March 2009 http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798. st â€Å"Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy. † May 2008. Energy Information Administration. 23 March 2009 http://www. eia. doe. gov/bookshelf/brochures/greenhouse/Chapter1. htm Klustner, Kevin. â€Å"The Six Degrees of Building Efficiency. † 5 September 2007. Greenerbuildings. com. 23 March 2009 http://www. greenerbuildings. com/feature/2007/09/05/the-six-degrees-building-efficiency â€Å"Saving energy in the Transportation Sector. † 1999. University of Oregon. 23 March 2009 http://zebu. uoregon. edu/1999/ph161/l24. html â€Å"What is Climate Change?. † N. d. United Nations Environment Programme. 23 March 2009 http://www. unep. org/themes/climatechange/whatis/index. asp

Taoism and Yang Essay Example for Free

Taoism and Yang Essay The later dates of the Eastern Zhou time period marked a great change in the social and political statuses in ancient China. Literacy rates were increasing, upper class individuals and family members were powering over others, and schooling gave people a leading advantage. Both intellectual and moral thoughts were taking over and with this new idea, came a new philosophy. There existed many spiritual thinkers dating way back, however, to this day, the date that Taoism formed is still unknown, a similar case with many other ancient religions. â€Å"Tao† is a term in Chinese, meaning â€Å"way† or â€Å"path† and referring to the way to live one’s life (Hardy,2002). Originally, the main concern was guiding individuals with an appropriate behavior for leading and governing others, as well as the balance of harmony between nature and humanity. Although no main authoritative figure represents this religion, the headquarter is situated in the White Cloud Temple, in Beijing, where priests can learn and train (Hardy, 2002). Taoism, also currently known as Daoism, is the Chinese traditional religion and philosophy that believes in the balance of yin and yang. Ying and Yang are opposites, and the Ying Yang philosophy explains that nothing is purely one way. There is always good for every evil and evil for every good, yet even though they are so contrasting, one cannot thrive without the other, there needs to be a balance between both. This balance, a union of opposites, represents harmony and peace on earth. Ying and Yang goes by the definition â€Å"the nature of change, balanced as two halves of a whole†, a â€Å"duality forming a whole† (Littlejohn, 2009). This symbol hold a lot of meaning to Taoist as it signifies the unity of opposites, the unity of Tao. The black and white color in the Yin and Yang symbol represents the Yin-gi and Yang-gi, the female and male energies that work together to balance and manifest the world (Wang, 2012). The smaller circles in the symbol represents the change and the black and white opposite in the world, reminding the worshippers of how opposites must balance one another in order to achieve balance between the two. Yin and Yang also represent the unity of the 5 elements; fire (greater Yang), wood (lesser Yang), water (greater Yin), metal (lesser Yin) and earth (central) which together form the elements that comprise everything in our world (Wang, 2012). Completely polar opposites can be seen in everyday: night and day, male and female, beautiful and ugly, high and low; everything has its opposite, and without it, there would be an imbalance in the world. Nevertheless, there will always be a contrasting opinion as to what is right compared to what is wrong, as one belief cannot be shared universally (Hardy, 2002). Yin nor Yang is absolute, but both together can form a whole. There would be an imbalance in the world if death rates did not equal birth rates. Yin and Yang can also become each other even though they are opposites, as they need to support each other to create balance. Taoists believe that there must be an alignment of harmony between human nature and the rest of nature. They believe that one must experience a long and healthy life through practice and perfection of the practice so that self-cultivation is at its peak and everyone can thrive (Littlejohn, 2009). Taoist believe that everything in the world is in a constant cycle. If humans do not follow the natural path, â€Å"tao†, then unhealthy misfortune and destruction will cloud them and their families (Hardy, 2002). A strong opposition to punishment is believed, as it does not allow for the natural method of spontaneous behavior and rather a force of good behavior upon an individual. Ruling and governing others is a principal theme in Taoism as it encourages followers to model the appropriate behavior. Taoism focuses on ones flow with nature through activities such as meditation with themes such as detachment from desires, naturalness , and stress free activities such as tai chi. Taoism emphasizes the practice on living in harmony through daily life and ritual activities. Taoist is a polytheistic religion and their gods are not personified. They believe that no god can help solve problems in life but that peace can only be solved by personal meditation and observation (Littlejohn, 2009). People have to work in harmony and help each other to keep balance in the world and to increase the well being of humankind. Unlike other religions, there is no figure to look upon and worship but to solely rely on one another. Taoist people do not have a particular ritualized way to worship in their everyday life, but the main goal of the laypeople is to achieve harmony with the Tao in their day-to-day lives. They believe in doing this through physical practices, which are made to transform a person mentally and physically into a more harmonious state, a balance between Yin and Yang. One way the Taoist attempt to reach harmony is through alchemy (BBC, 2009). Merriam-Webster describes alchemy as, â€Å"a power or process of transforming something common into something special†. The Taoists sought to do this in two separate ways; the first is through Wai-Dan, external alchemy, which was used in an older period. At this time, the alchemists were looking for an elixir to turn cheap metal into gold. They then looked for a way to turn humans into immortals. This creation involved various combinations of ingredients by heating, grinding, and mixing together along with other rituals. This is called external alchemy because they add an external force to the body with the hopes of purification (BBC, 2009). The second type of alchemy is Nei-Dun, interior alchemy. This is a work of the self without the use of chemicals to transform the elements of the body into purer forms, promoting the energy of life. This is done through meditation and martial arts (BBC, 2009). Taoists attempted to use both of these forces to transform human beings into a more natural state and to rid their body of the bad within, producing only the good and allowing them to reach purification and through that, the Tao. Taoists also believe that sexual energy has the ability to enhance their lives. They have developed certain techniques to increase a person’s sexual energy and to retain it. It is said that the men should refrain from ejaculating during sexual activity, to conserver the energy (BBC, 2009). As for women, there are too different views. The first view suggests that women should also abstain from reaching orgasm to conserve energy, yet the second view states that female orgasm leads to a growth in both male and female sexual energy. This idea suggested that men should have multiple sexual partners in order to gain access to the female release of beneficial sexual energy (BBC, 2009). The Taoist people see sexuality as a form of attaining purification and positive energy, like that of alchemy, they believe it to help them reach a state of harmony between Yin and Yang. Taoist people also practice purity through meditation, breathing, energy flow and martial arts. The texts teach the worshipers the importance of a pure body to ensure spiritual health. To remain pure, the people have a special diet, which they abstain from alcohol, meat, beans, and grains, all of which can be toxic to the body. Taoists also avoid being greedy, lustful, prideful, and dishonest, which also causes conflict within the body (BBC, 2009). To avoid these impurities, Taoists practice meditation. This practice is a major custom for the people because it creates mental stillness and enhances mindfulness. This allows the mental space to focus on directly knowing the Tao (BBC, 2009). Another practice is breathing, which is the easiest professed form of Ch’i. There are many breathing exercises the Taoists use, which are called Qui Gong, as it is the easiest way to relax the body. Taoists also practice energy flow, which is the flow of life energy, Ch’i, in the body. It can be enhanced, harmonized, and regulated by various forms of exercise and meditation, like acupuncture and Tai Chi (BBC, 2009). All of these techniques are used on a daily basis to allow for spiritual growth and a long life. It is through this way of life that the Taoists attempt to develop their bodies to the primordial level of energy, which is the state of the body at the beginning of creation (Kohn, 2009). By creating bodies that mimic that of the bodies at first creation, the Taoist are reaching a raw level of purity, bringing them that much closer to harmony and balance. Taoists also practice recitation of passages from the Tao Te Ching, which is their guide to living a spiritual and ethical life. This is a vital expression of devotion and also a way to attain spiritual growth. They believe that the texts have healing powers along with the ability to banish evil spirits, and bring good luck to those who recite it. To the Celestial Masters Group, it is a source of philosophical wisdom. It is also said to have the ability to prolong life and bring human beings to complete unity with Tao (BBC, 2009). The Taoists use this recitation to create a balance within themselves bringing them closer to that of the natural realm. The Taoists conduct rituals that bring order and harmony to the cosmos – the world of nature, human society, and the inner world of human individuals. The details of rituals are highly complex and technical and they are left to the Taoshi, which are priests. These rituals mostly involve chanting, playing instruments, and dancing (BBC, 2009). Jiao, which means offering of sacrifice, is performed in communities to confirm the relationship between the community and its deity (Andersen, 2008). In this case, every household in the village brings an offering for the local deity, at that point, a Taoshi dedicates the offerings in the name of the families, they perform a ritual to restore order to the universe and then ask the gods to bring peace and prosperity to the village (BBC, 2009). The Taoists also use temple rituals to regulate Chi and balance the flow of Yin and Yang for individuals and also the wider community. In the temple they pray to the Taoists deities for strength, help and anything they think the deity would be able to aid them with. They meditate in the temple because it is a place of peace and there is a greater chance of harmony within the body in a place of balance. They also worship on talismans because they are objects of good luck. Talismans are strips of paper with words of power and religious symbols written on them by Taoshi. They are said to focus kind spiritual energies to purify, heal the sick, and to drive away demons. They also use the temple to recite and chant prayers and texts to also purify their minds and bodies (BBC, 2009). The Taoists use the temple to conduct these rituals, as it is a place of balance and harmony, filled with aspects of the Tao. Taoism is a religion based on healing methods that seek to re-establish the original wholeness of human nature (Girardot, 2009), whether through their rituals or their everyday activities, Taoist people attempt to balance out the Yin and Yang in their lives. They believe that a healthy human life could only be established with accordance to the Tao, by living naturally and peacefully. Their main goals in life are compassion, moderation and humility, which all-lead back to the Tao. To Taoists, the Yin and Yang are most important in everything they do. When both Yin and Yang are present and equally balanced, everything is calm. Because of this, Taoist people attempt to create harmony in their lives creating a closer gap to the Tao. The Taoist religion is a constant battle between balances of those that are opposing each other to produce a state of constant harmony and union between opposites. By achieving this balance the worshippers will begin to live their lives in accordance of the Tao and live in peaceful life.

Alton Towers Marketing Post Accident

Alton Towers Marketing Post Accident ALTON TOWERS REPORT Alton Towers has been heavily suffering from the bad reputation of the accident happened on 2nd June 2015 which made two young women on the Smiler ride suffered leg amputations and others suffered severe injuries when their carriage collided with a stationary carriage on the same track (Health and Safety Executive, 2016) . The company has lost a lot of money and their market value because of this incident: According to Peter Campbell for The Daily Mail (Alton Towers crash wipes  £100 million from owners value as it looks set to lose millions in lost bookings, 2015), Alton tower has wiped almost  £100 million from its value by this weeks crash and the company is set to lose millions in lost bookings. The companys market value fell by  £160million but it has since recovered some of the losses. Alton Towers saw a significant fall in visitor numbers after the accident, which resulted in the park shutting for four days. This means it makes  £464,000 a day on average even it will be higher because it is summer. It is reported that Alton towers lost almost  £1million fees in 2 of the days that the park closed. Moreover, many analysts and experts have also warned that people may lose their confidence in the firm could by the incident, leading to fewer people booking tickets in following seasons. Peter Campbell also mentioned that There are also worries that it could knock appetite for theme park visits, which is crucial for Merlin as attractions including Thorpe Park and Chessington World of Adventures make up a significant part of its business (Alton Towers crash wipes  £100 million from owners value as it looks set to lose millions in lost bookings, 2015). The BBC News also reported the financial result to the owner that the sales at the groups resort theme parks division, which includes Alton Towers, fell 12.4% (Merlin see profits rise despite Alton Towers accident, 2016) Lack of using social media networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) Social media networks are one of the most effective and easiest ways to get to people all around the world. The number of social media networks users in the UK is extremely high with 32 million Facebook users, 15 million people using Twitter, 14 million people having an Instagram account and more users of other social networks. This is a big channel to the market and customers that Alton Towers has not invested and developed well enough to take the advantages. The Facebook fan page of Alton Tower has almost 1,4 million followers, especially only 5,5 thousand people follow Alton Towers Theme Park fan page, which is very low. As a result, Alton Towers has missed a lot of opportunities to widen the companys image and brand through social networks. Lack of promotion Because Alton Towers theme park is only open for part of the year, it is difficult for them to carry out different events and promotions. In 2016, Alton Towers theme park was open from 29th March to 6th November, which means mostly summertime. The ticket price is also high and people find it really expensive to attend at peak times. Moreover, Alton Towers theme park is located in a fairly rural location which may cause people difficulties to get there. Poor service There have been a number of complaints from customers who had bad experiences at Alton Towers and Alton towers theme park on many reliable websites like tripadviser.com. Most of them were about the poor customer service and interaction when they need. This may leave Alton Towers a negative reputation and bad impression when someone looking for the information to plan their trip at Alton Towers. Also Alton Towers does not provide a service after use well enough to satisfy customers. A brand new marketing campaign is suggested for Alton Towers theme park to increase the company image after suffering the bad reputation from the last incident as well as to solve current marketing issues. The topic for the marketing campaign is a PHOTO CONTEST. It is all about sharing the pictures of the funniest moments in Alton Towers theme park and winning attractive prizes. The name of this campaign is Lets laugh and the hash tag is #letslaughatthemepark. 3.1 CAMPAIGN OBJECTIVES Attract more customers: Since the last accident in Alton tower theme park has caused a decrease in the number of visitors to the park, the company needs to fix this and get more people to here. Beside targeting families in group as usual, this campaign will widen the target customers to the young people with the age from 15 to 40, especially social networks users to take advantages from this big channel to customers. Raising Alton Towers image and brand through social network and modern techniques: By sharing picture taken at Alton tower theme park with the hash tag #letslaughatthemepark , participants will help the company to introduce the brand and image to their friends and other people. Alton towers theme park will become popular not only in the UK, but also outside of the country and this can attract foreigners to come and visit the park. Because it is hard for people in the local areas to visit Alton Tower theme park after the unexpected incident, the company need to spread the brand and image outside the area or even go internationally to make it better. Reducing the bad reputation from last incident: It is very hard to decrease the negative effects from that incident in a short time, but by carrying out a new campaign, Alton Towers theme park will have a chance to introduce the new and more advanced products, services and techniques to everyone. Gradually customers may accept it and continue to visit Alton Towers theme park and take part in the photo contest with attractive prizes. 3.2 HOW TO TAKE PART IN AND WIN PRIZES To take part in the Lets laugh photo contest, the contestants need to follow these rules to keep the contest clear and fair to everyone: Entry method: Participants have to send their pictures taken at Alton Towers theme park to the official mail of Alton Towers with their information. The photos will be uploaded everyday and kept in a daily album on Alton Towers theme park Facebook fan page weekly. There will be 3 chosen photos each week based on the likes and shares. Then there will be an announcement about the winners and their prizes. Rules: Every contestant needs to take at least one picture at the gate of Alton Towers theme park as a proof for their appearance on that day. This photo will be attached with others when the contestants send them to the official mail of Alton Towers. This weill keep the contest clear and fair to everyone. The contestants need to like and follow Alton Towers theme park Facebook fan page and check their photos after they are uploaded. Then they have to tag at least 5 friends to the photos with the hash tag #letslaughatthemepark and share them in public. Prizes: 1st:  £3000, Free for 2 people all activities at Alton Towers theme park in their next visit, Free 1 double room 3 days and 2 nights at Alton Towers resort in their next visit. 2nd:  £2000, Free 1 double room 2 days and 1 night at Alton Towers resort in their next visit. 3rd:  £1000, Free for 2 people all activities at Alton Towers theme park in their next visit. All other participants will get discount 50% all activities for one person at Alton Towers in their next visit. To carry out the campaign, the company needs to apply different ways to promote and attract attention from people. Banner and flyers: It is a traditional way but always useful to get people notice. E-mail and direct mail: Alton Towers will inform the photo contest to their previous customers by mailing them according to the information they provided when booking in the past. This not only helps to inform to the customers, but also makes the previous feel that they are treated well although they are not using the company service. It can fix the issue about poor customer service and service after use. Social media networks: This is the key way to reach to people in this campaign because of the importance of taking advantages from social networks. By advertising on social networks and the official website as well, Alton Towers can get a lot of attention and more followers when people want to looking for more information. Cooperation: Alton Towers can let food and beverage brands hire space to set their retailers in Alton Towers theme park with discount cost as long as these brand agree to promote the Lets laugh photo contest on their website or fan page. On the other hand, Alton Towers can set a partnership with local schools and universities to offer trips for a large amount of student with lower price than usual if these schools and universities let Alton Towers promote inside the campus. Furthermore, the company can invite celebrities come and perform in the theme park to attract more visitors. Last but not least, the company can cooperate with some charity organizations to offer free trips for orphan kids. This is a smart step to increase the company image and brand after suffering bad reputation from the last accident. Timeline: Because summer is a peak times for everyone to have a vacation, there are a lot of places for people to go beside Alton Towers theme park. This can limit the effectiveness the campaign so that winter will be a potential choice to set up the campaign. To be more specific, the campaign will be carried out in 1 month, from 1st December to 31th December which is in the Christmas Break. Measurement: By carrying out the campaign, Alton Towers theme park is open in at least 2 months in winter, which can get more customers in Christmas vacation. It is expected that Alton Towers theme park may collect  £20 million fees in this part of the year. More people will know about Alton Tower theme park with an increase of followers to 5 million expectedly. This means the company brand and image will become popular through social networks. Prizes:  £9 million Banners and flyers:  £1 million Online advertising:  £2 million Total:  £12 million   REFERENCES Peter Campbell. (2015). Alton Towers crash wipes  £100m from owners value as it looks set to lose millions in lost bookings http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-3109943/Alton-Towers-crash-wipes-100m-owner-s-value-looks-set-lose-millions-lost-bookings.html BBC News. (2016). Merlin see profits rise despite Alton Towers accident http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-35657878 Health and Safety Executive. (2016). Alton Towers owners fined  £5million over Smiler crash http://press.hse.gov.uk/2016/alton-towers-owners-fined-over-smiler-crash/ Tripadvisor. (2013) https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g504148-d282438-r167005420-Alton_Towers_Hotel-Alton_Staffordshire_England.html Theme parks UK. Alton Towers Opening Times http://www.themeparks-uk.com/alton-towers-guide/opening-times Social media. (2016). Most Popular Social Networks in the UK https://social-media.co.uk/list-popular-social-networking-websites

Conquest :: essays research papers

Conquest The day they landed was the most horrible day I have ever been forced to live through. * * * The Soviet Union had begun to regroup. It was not immediately joined by the smaller and weaker nations that made up the northwestern region of the union. The independent nations of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithua would not follow under communist rule again; they were willing to die for their freedom. The U.S.S.R was unable to persuade the remaining components to rejoin them in their conquest and they were hasty to declare war on their counterparts. With war waging in Eastern Europe the United Nations took action. The leader of Russia's communist party and president rejected the UN's cease-fire treaty. Russia was expelled from the United Nations early the next day. The CIA agent, Newton, inched his way through the air conditioning make an effort to remain as quiet as possible. Once he reached the ventilator above the leader's bedroom he unveiled his device, a new prototype developed by his agency. This devise would unscrew and disable any form of fastener. Using a laser divertor to abstract the laser alarm system path the agent lowered himself into the room. Waiting for the man, a smaller man yet more powerful. The door creaked open slowly and an exhausted fat man entered. As soon as the door had been closed the fat man's throat had been gashed and he lay in a pool of his own warm blood. The United States had volunteered to be a "cut-off" regiment. We would put pressure on Russia to remove their troops from Eastern Europe and detain their troops in Russia. If they failed to comply with this mandate we would have no choice but to supply aid to Eastern Europe. My regiment was originally from the Southern California area; we were to be transported to San Francisco where we would rendezvous with a rather large concentration of military. From San Francisco we would be transported by carriers to the island of Hokkaido, specifically the town of Wakkanai. Our army would form a percent of the United Nations army along with Japan and England and launch an attack on a Russian city named Korsakov. This was the plan as it stood, but when you are attacked on your own soil there are priorities to attend to. Later that week the leader of Russia was assassinated in chambers. The assailant had entered through the overhead ventilator and slit the dictator's throat. He had then fled through the window setting off a number of alarms and finally escaping by slaying three of the soldiers on guard.

Capital Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder Essay example -- Argumen

Capital Punishment is State Sanctioned Murder Capital punishment is state sanctioned, premeditated murder. It is morally, ethically, and socially wrong. Murder is the intentional killing of one person by another. Capital punishment does just that. It takes the life of one person and uses another, "the executioner," to do it. In the state of Indiana, the warden of the state prison acts as "the executioner." The killing takes place before the hour of sunrise on a fixed day. The warden, "executioner," flips a switch that sends electrical current into the body of the convicted prisoner, thus ending the prisoner's life. What happens during the execution is one person's life is intentionally ended by the act of another. The difference, however, is that capital punishment is condoned by the state. The state's Supreme Court, Appeals Court, Superior courts, and prosecutors all play an important role in condoning the use of capital punishment. Many precautions are taken to ensure that all due process rights are given to the offender. I wonder how many times we have executed an innocent man or woman? Last month, in the state of Virginia, a man was executed for the brutal rape and murder of his sister-in-law. Throughout his 11 year stay on death row, he claimed he was not guilty of this crime. We may never know the truth, yet his life was ended. If his innocence could be proven today, there would be no way to reverse the punishment. There is no doubt that we have executed innocent people in this country. Throughout our lives we are taught that it is wrong to take the life of ... ...ustice that is being served? In my involvement with offenders on death row, I see the pain of their families as they go through the appeals process hoping and praying that their loved one's sentence be overturned. The use of the death penalty shows us that revenge is honored in our society. The cost of incarcerating an offender for their lifetime is much less than the cost of executing that same offender. In spite of the lower cost to imprison, we continue to execute offenders. To me, this mindset shows a system that considers the death of another to be a victory. Murder and capital punishment are synonymous. Both consist of the intentional killing of a human being. Both are morally, ethically, and socially wrong. The only difference is one form of killing is considered to be lawful.

Infancy and Early Childhood Paper Essay

I believe â€Å"Piaget’s theory of cognitive development† best explains the cognitive development both in infancy and early childhood. His theory is explained by a theory of cognitive organization called schemes. Schemes are the â€Å"actions or mental representations that organize knowledge† (Santrock, 2008, p. 94). According to his theory, schemes change with age; in other words, they are action-based (motor patterns) at first and then gradually change to a mental (thinking) level. There are several key terms that explain Piaget’s process of developmental change; those include adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, organization, and equilibration. Sensorimotor stage is the first of the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. It lasts from birth to the about 2 years of age, where awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts. Furthermore, Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages: 1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions; (3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes (Santrock, 2008, p. 96). †¢Reflexive Schemes: this is present in newborns. Initially, the infant’s actions are coordinated through reflexive behaviors, such as rooting and sucking. But gradually the infant produces behaviors that resemble reflexes in the absence of the usual stimulus for the reflex (Santrock, 2008). †¢Primary circular reactions: it develops between 1 and 4 months of age. In this stage, infants begin to adapt their reflexes to their environment; simple motor habits are centered around own body (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Secondary circular reactions: it develops between 4 and 8 months of age. The focus of infants’ exploration shits to external events. Infants develop awareness that objects continue to exist even when not in sight at about 8 months of age (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Coordination of secondary circular reactions: develops between 8 and 12 months of age. Infants begin to demonstrate intentional behavior and anticipate events; they coordinate separate actions to achieve desired goals (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Tertiary circular reactions: develops between 12 and 18 months of age. Infants reach an advanced level of proficiency; they begin to explore properties of objects through novel actions (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Internalization of schemes: develops between 18 and 24 months of age. Their ability to represent the external world internally begins to develop, also called as symbolic representation. Also, deferred imitation, the ability to retain and copy a representation of an observed behavior, begins to develop (Caulfield, 2001). I also believe Piaget’s theory best explains the cognitive development in early childhood as well. His Preoperational period, the second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. In this age, â€Å"children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Not only that, they begin to form stable concepts and embark on reasoning† (Santrock, 2008, p. 145). Also, egocentricism (inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective) and magical beliefs also begin to play a role in child’s cognitive development. There are different sub-stages of the preoperational stage. Symbolic function sub-stage is the first sub-stage of the pre-operational thought. In this stage, the child has the capability to mentally represent an object that is not physically present. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 4 years of age. The Intuitive Thought Sub-stage, the second sub-stage of preoperational thought that generally occurs between 4 and 7 years of age. In this stage, children are tempted to ask many questions. In other words, one of the most prominent words for the children around this age is â€Å"why†. There are many similarities and differences between the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development that explains infancy and early childhood. Similarities †¢Both the selected theories that I believe best describes cognitive development in infancy and early childhood come from Piaget. †¢Both theories have stages (Sensorimotor and preoperational) and are further divided into sub-stages. †¢Both theories rely on the assumption that infants and children actively construct an understanding of the world. †¢Both theories give a time frame of when the stages and the sub- stages occur†¢Both theories have limitations. Differences †¢Sensorimotor stage deals with infants from birth to 2 years of age and Preoperational stage deals with early childhood that generally occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. †¢Sensorimotor is the stage one of the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; whereas preoperational period is stage two of his theory. †¢The limitation of the sensorimotor stages rests on the accuracy of the timing of the events that Piaget mentioned; whereas the limitation of the Pre-operational thought rests on the concepts such as centration and conservation. Therefore, in this paper, I have considered Piaget’s theory to explain cognitive development in both infancy and early childhood. I have also considered the similarities and differences between the two theories. References Caulfield, R. A. (2001). Infants and toddlers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallSantrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials of life-span development. NY: McGraw-Hill.

Stylistic Analysis

Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-7 Chapter 1. Stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7-12 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12-14 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H. W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4-18 Ch apter 2. Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18-21 2. 2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21-23 Chapter 3. Lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices in:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 3. 1. â€Å"Young and Old† by Charle Kingsley†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24-26 3. 2. â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26-28 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29-30 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31-32 IntroductionThe theme of the course paper is concerned with the stylistic analysis of five poems by different authors (D. H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe). The issue of stylistics and stylistic analysis has been extensively studied in recent years and the problem of stylistics has been a subject of special interest. Various scientific paradigms, trends and methods of stylistics and literary studies have been developed and explored in the works by such prominent scholars of pre-soviet, soviet and post-soviet linguistic schools as Larin B.A. , Peshkovsky A. M. , Polivanov E. D. , Scherba L. V. , Galperin I. R. , Akhmanova O. S. , Arnold I. V. , Skrebnev Yu. M. , Golovin B. N. , Kukharenko V. A. , Morohovsky O. M. and many others. â€Å"Thus the term â€Å"stylistics† is not old but the discipline originated from ancient Greek and Roman poetics and rhetoric. Modern poetics is a discipline concerned with the structural forms of literary art, both poetic and prosaic, and its crucial problem is: what turns a verbal message into a work of art† [10, p. 3].The term â€Å"stylistics† became associated with detailed linguistic criticism because, at the time it developed, the study of authorial style was a major critical concern, and linguistic analysis, allied to statistics, was popular with the more linguistically inclined critics. According to some modern scholars, it is now moved away from the study of style and towards the study of how meanings and effects are produced by literary texts. Nowadays by stylistics the modern British linguist Henry Widdowson means â€Å"the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orie ntation, i. . stylistics is an area of mediation between the two disciplines, the two subjects: language and literature† [18, p. 43]. In R. de Beaugrande’s words, â€Å"stylistics applies linguistics to literature† [2, p. 18]. So, the object of stylistic analysis is language represented in literary texts. Stylistic analysis is a part of literary studies, of any adequate linguistic description. It is practiced as a means of understanding the possible meanings in a text as well as finding out the individual properties of concrete texts or text types. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent StaplesIts ultimate aim is to clarify the message of the author’s work through careful observation and consistent description of language phenomena in the text under study. Done at the junction of linguistic and literary analysis the work is concerned with a number of problems of the poems interpretation, stylistic, linguistic and literary analysis. Although considerable amount of research has been devoted to the problem of the stylistic analysis few attempts have been made to investigate aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of he given poems, lexical and syntactic expressive means, some stylistic devices which are used in these poems. This defines the actuality of the work and its theoretical value. The objective of the paper is to examine the linguistic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic nature of poems, types of expressive means on the different levels of language and their informational significance. Th e given aim predetermines the concrete tasks of the research. The thesis will cover the following research tasks: 1) to analyse such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H.Lawrence, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, â€Å" My Heart’s in the Highlands† by R. Burns, â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley, and â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B. Googe; 2) to point out various types of syntactic and lexical-syntactic stylistic devices in them; 3) to dwell upon their structural, logical-semantic peculiarities and functions; 4) to determine the structural, semantic types of metaphors, metonymies, epithets and similes; 5) to lay emphasis on the great number of themes developed in poems; 6) to give general characteristics of poetic methods of D.H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe. 7) to provide detailed analysis of the stylistic devices employed by the poets in their verses; 8) to give the c lose observation of the meanings of separate words and word combinations as well as of the significations of the various sentences and supra-phrasal units. So, the object of the paper is poetry by above mentioned poets. The subject is the main themes and stylistic peculiarities of these poems.The materials and theoretical basis for the given course paper were chosen among the research works of the established literary critics and biographers, who studied the life and the distinctive features of poets’ legacy. Special attention was paid to the book by Thomas Crawford â€Å"Burns. A study of the Poems and Songs†, Arvin Newton â€Å" Longfellow:His Life and Work† and other related works. The methodic base on the work became the works of Galperin I. R. , Kucharenko V. A. , Lototska K. materials from the Internet, different types of dictionaries, World Book Encyclopedia. In accordance with the purpose and tasks of the paper the following methods of investigation were used: words definitions analysis, contextual and systematic analysis of the poems, interpretational and stylistic analysis of the rhetorical figures for revealing the informational value of expressive means. The topicality of the research paper is determined by the necessity of systematic and resumptive comprehension of the notion â€Å"stylistic analysis†.The scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that we will provide with the thorough analysis of poems on taxonomic, content-grasping, semantic, stylistic and functional stages of investigation. Besides, we will try to investigate the use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence and â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow.From the theoretical point of view, this work presents the comprehensive study of lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices that makes it possible to reveal its lingvo- s tylistic and functional features. So, the theoretical value of the given research paper is based on analysis of poets’ verses which promote the further development of fundamental principles of the theory of poetry. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the results of the investigation can be used in the courses of lectures in stylistics, seminars in style and text interpretation and also can be useful for practical courses of English language.The course paper consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The introduction explains the topicality of the research paper, underlines its theoretical and practical value and identifies the theme, aim, tasks, object, subject, methods of investigation of the work. The first chapter deals with the stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry. Mainly it is focused on the polysemantic aspect and lingvo-stylistic potential of such poems as â€Å"Donâ€℠¢ts† and â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction).The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of poem by Robert Burns which is called â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†. It involves investigation of the style, expressive means, syntax of the given poem. The third chapter is concerned with two poems: â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley and â€Å" Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B. Googe. Considerable emphasis is put on the lexical, syntactic expressive means and the stylistic devices at different levels. To illustrate the use of rhetorical figures these poems are analysed, considering theoretical issues of modern Stylistics. Chapter 1 Stylistic peculiarities of D.H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow’s poetry 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow. The poem â€Å"Don’ts† which is under consideration was written by David Herbert Ri chards Lawrence ? an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. Although best known for his novels, D. H. Lawrence wrote almost 800 poems. His early works clearly place him in the school of Georgian poets. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrence’s poems of the time, were well-worn poetic tropes and deliberately archaic language.He wrote in a very free verse form, unbounded by traditional structures. Much of his work deals with issue of the working classes, relationships between men, women and the natural world. D. H. Lawrence was especially fond of writing about animals, flowers, and other aspects of nature ? usually in a deeply symbolic manner. His poetry collections include â€Å"Love Poems and others† (1913), â€Å"Amores† (1916), â€Å"Look! We have come through† (1917), â€Å"Birds, Beasts and Flowers† (1923), â€Å"The Collected Poems of D. H. Lawrence† (1928), â€Å"The Complete Poems of D. H.L awrence† (1964), edited by Viviande Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts and many others. The poem â€Å"Don’ts† is devoted to the author’s instructions, pieces of advice given to a little boy. The basic theme is the protest against narrow-minded, philistine morality, ideals and hypocrisy. This theme manifests itself in some peculiar word usage which imitates adult’s word usage in the conversation with children. The author foresees the insincere, artificial exhortation which a young boy is going to hear from mealy-mouthed adults who demand from him to be well-behaved boy. They require that a boy ry to â€Å"be a good little boy being as good as you can† [6, p. 375]. However, D. H. Lawrence insistently recommends not to listen to these pieces of advice, not to be that humble good child whom sanctimonious persons want to see. The author admonishes him to fight and to be a courageous man. The tone of the poem is moralizing and contrast between the s ignificance of theme and parodic infantility of vocabulary creates acute satirical effect. D. H. Lawrence in his poem â€Å"Don’ts† uses â€Å"polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition and this approximates by its stylistic function to casuistry.It occurs in reference to the adjective â€Å"little† which is used here in various variants with different connotations, furthermore, in some connotations it suppresses greatly the denotative components of meaning. That is why the notion of metre is completely insignificant. Due to the fact that repetition along with parodic usage of unceremonious-informal style, especially baby-talk, are the key stylistic devices with which we should start analysis of the given poem. They are diverse by nature.Alongside with a simple repetition of two or more absolutely identical components: mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed new repetition with some variation is introduced. Such repetition i s, for example, greedy-mouthed as against mealy-mouthed. Similarity between mealy-mouthed and greedy-mouthed at the same time make them be compared, however difference between them supplements the characteristic of the â€Å"sly†, â€Å"every old lout†. Guite effective is partial repetition: â€Å"earning your living while your life is lost† [6, p. 375], where morphological closeness only sharper shades that living and life are not the same. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 126-127]. In some cases repetition also can not collocate with the usage of polysemanticism. Then its function is intensifying or emotional or even intensifying-emotional as it is in the first two lines: Fight your little fight, my boy, Fight and be a man. [6, p. 375] Semantics variations in the repetition are very interesting for the theme of the given paragraph, i. e. the usage of different lexical-semantic variants which are included in the semantic structure of one and th e same word.Due to the parallel usage of the word in one context, these semantic variations accentuate differences in connotations. The word â€Å"little† is used in the given poem in two various lexical-semantic variants with antithetical connotations. In such phrases as â€Å"good little, good little boy†, â€Å"dear little girl†, â€Å"dear little home† the word little has one meaning and in such phrases as â€Å"little fight†, â€Å"let in a little air†, â€Å"a little hole in the holy prison†, â€Å" your own little bit†, â€Å"your own little cry† another meaning. â€Å"The usage of the word â€Å"little† here is guite difficult.First of all, there is need to resort to a dictionary to find out what in general is observed in the language. In the direct meaning â€Å"little† signifies the small size and is synonymic with neutral word small. In the informal style of speech this objective-logical meaning is strongly suppressed by its emotional meaning. So, little expresses sympathy, tenderness, compassion and is equivalent to affectionate diminutive suffixes of the Ukrainian language. Exactly this meaning forms the basis of the stylistic connotation of the first group of examples†. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 127].It is interesting that compatibility of the word â€Å"little† in this meaning with the following adjectives â€Å"dear† and â€Å"nice† is characteristic for informal speech, especially for the speech used in conversations with children. For instance, a dear little cottage, a dear little boy, a dear little kitten, a nice little wife and etc. Frequent usage of the word â€Å"little† sounds like affectation in the same way as in the conversational speech the misuse of diminutive suffixes creates an impression of insincere baby-talk. The stereotypy of those combinations used in not characteristic of direct speech shows their pretence, falsity and insincerity.The poet mocks those people who will tempt a young boy by dreams about bourgeois welfare. It is worth to be noticed that the word â€Å"little† can be used ironically, for example, one of my little ideas and even with the tone of sarcasm: â€Å"so that’s your little plan, is it! † [22, p. 375]. Since in the semantic structure of the word â€Å"little†, is included the meaning which is synonymic to the adjectives: unimportant, mean, paltry, so this estimation is introduced in the implication of the poem and in combination with an absurd repetition makes it grotesque.It also destroys sweetness of promises about family happiness and comfort which are waiting for a good boy. The second group of examples ? â€Å"let in a little air†, â€Å" fight your little fight† etc. ? belongs to the author’s direct speech. A reader can not find here any irony, the direct meaning of a metrical rhythm is preserved . The repetition underlines the idea that even modest results of everyone’s fight for ability to breathe in â€Å"the hole prison† easier are valuable and necessary for common good. In such way this poem acquires acute social orientation.At the same time the contrast between lexical meanings of two lexical-semantic variants of one and the same word plays an important role as well. In the examined case the comparison of two variants of one and the same word occurs syntagmatically, i. e. both variants are in the text: little synonymic to affectionate diminutive suffix and little with the meaning of dimension or significance. The second type of comparison between direct and figurative meaning occurs in the following metaphors : â€Å"don’t be beholden to the herd inside the pen†, â€Å"money sty†, â€Å" holy prison†.The first metaphor is the metaphor in which in the text only one member of comparison is represented, i. e. only figurative meani ng where people are resigned to their fate, to the institutionalization of D. H. Lawrence surrounding world. Those people are called â€Å" ? †. Another metaphors ? â€Å"money sty† and â€Å"holy prison† ? show that this institutionalization is called â€Å"† and â€Å"†. Alongside with many other stylistic devices these metaphors express very clearly the author’s attitude towards reality. Repetition can perform several functions simultaneously. In â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† by H. W.Longfellow repetition creates folk colour, song rhythm and underlines interrelation of separate images combining them in one common picture: Should you ask me, whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions, With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, With their frequent repetitions, And their wild reverberations As of thunder in the mountains? I should answer, I should tell you, â€Å"From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs,From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes. I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet singer. † Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these songs so wild and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, â€Å"In the bird's-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoofprint of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle! [8, p. 9-10] In these first stanzas of â€Å"Song of Hiawatha† a reader encounters with the convergence of stylistic devices and in the first place with repetitions.This convergence puts him in the genre of lyrical epic stylized in a spirit of indian national-poetical creativity. Repetition adds rhythmical and song colour to the tale and integrates the enumeration of elements concerning the nature of the land. It is interesting that frequent repetitions are mentioned intentionally and are explained by the author as borrowing from the indian singer Nawadaha. D. H. Lawrence explains the emergence of repetitions in the songs of Nawadaha as the influence of the surrounding nature ? â€Å"reverbarations/ As of thunder in the mountains† [8, p. ]. â€Å"Various kinds of repetition can be an important means of connections inside the text. Connection by means of pronouns has more specific meaning. In the given example connection is accomplished by anaphoric repetition of such pronouns as â€Å"with†, â€Å"from† and â€Å"in† together with parallel constructions and some other kinds of repetitions. † (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) [22, p. 185]. Alongside with lexical synonymic repetition: â€Å"stories-legends†, â€Å"moors-fenlands† here is represented purely syntactical repe tition in the form of homogeneous parts of the sentence.To be more precise, lexical synonymical repetition is like the extension of syntactical repetition. The poem by H. W. Longfellow is called a song. However, the word song is polysemantic and the meaning implied by the author is explained by three homogeneous nouns: stories, legends and traditions. The homogeneous parts of the sentence specify and details the content of the author’s opinion. The type of legends and traditions mentioned in the song is explained by a set of prepositional phrases which starts with the preposition â€Å"with†.The indirect question with the word â€Å"whence† makes us think about the sources of the song. The answer to this question is a set of similar by its syntactic function parallel constructions with anaphoric preposition â€Å"from†. Inside this syntactic convergence is the convergence of single-word components: â€Å"the forests and the prairies†, â€Å"from t he mountains, moors and fenlands† [8, p. 9]. So, the usage of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition is very important for the right understanding of the poem’s content. 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts† Stylistic devices and expressive means are very significant for complete understsnding and perception of the whole artistic colouring of a poem. That is why it is worth to consider some other stylistic devices in these two poems: â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow. In the poem â€Å"Don’ts† the author imposes upon the reader his personal attitude towards a young boy and people who surrounds that boy. The repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance.There are many types of repetition in this poem. The first and the most vivid example is â€Å"Fight your little fight†. It is morphemi c repetition which â€Å"is a variety of polyptoton, a figure based on the repetition of two or more words of the same stem (but belonging to different parts of speech or word classes within the same part of speech) † [9, p. 132]. Also the poem is full of lexical repetitions, especially successive or juxtaposed: a good little, a good ittle, mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, dear little, dear little, don’t drink, don’t drink.Apart from successive, there is ordinary repetitions of the word â€Å"dear† in the collocation with different nouns: girl, mother, home and the repetition of the word â€Å"hit-hit† which is invented by the author. The most interesting and effective is the repetition in strong positions ? lexical anaphora which in this poem is represented by the word â€Å"don’t†: Don’t be sucked in by the su-superior, don’t swallow the culture bait, don’t drink, don’t drink and get beerier and beerier†¦ [6, p. 375] To grasp and hold the reader’s interest the author uses a number of epithets.Semantically they are classified into two major groups: 1) Without the violation of semantic agreement: a good little boy, dear little girl, dear old mother, dear little home, little fresh air, own little try, comfortable feeling, culture bait. All these epithets, apart from the last two, structurally are pair epithets. The last one is a word-epithet or simple. Also they all belong to explanatory epithets because they indicate an important features of the defined object. 2) With the violation of semantic agreement to the metaphoric epithets belong mealy-mouthed cowardice, golden opinions, sweet joys, dull death.Structurally they are word epithets. A significant metaphor is used in this poem: don’t swallow the culture bait. This is verb metaphor, where bait is tenor and the vehicle is food which is only implied by a reader. According to the structu re this metaphor is simple. D. H. Lawrence by this stylistic device wants to say that a little boy does not believe the words of other people. One more special variety of metaphor is allusion. D. H. Lawrence resorts to allusion in the last line of the poem ? â€Å"the risen Christ should be risen†. The author makes reference to the Bible, to the religious theme.Concerning the vocabulary of the poem it is quite neutral, although some peculiar, special words occur. For example, the word â€Å"lout†. The origin of this word is uncertain and it has some stylistic colouring. The Oxford Dictionary gives the following definition: an uncouth and aggressive man or boy. Another interesting word is â€Å"suck in† which is slang and means â€Å" to deceive†. The author also creates a new word ? â€Å"hit-hit† which is repeated twice. This stanzaic poem with the cross rhyme is one of the D. H. Lawrence’s masterpieces. 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic fe atures of H.W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction) â€Å"Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882) was the most widely published and most famous American poet of the 1800’s. His reputation among critics declined sharply after his death, and he had much less influence on modern poetry than such other poets of his day as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. However, many of his poems remain among the most familiar in American literature. Longfellow’s best-known longer works include â€Å"Evangeline†, â€Å"the Song of Hiawatha†, and â€Å"The Courtship of Miles Standish†.Among his popular shorter poems are â€Å"The Village Blacksmith†, â€Å"The Children’s Hour†, â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, â€Å"The Wreck of the Hesperus†, and â€Å"Excelsior†. Longfellow’s works achieved great popularity in Europe as well as in the United States. He was the first American wri ter to be honored in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. † [15, p. 448] â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is regarded as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s greatest, most characteristic, and most original epic poem. Intentionally epic in scope, it was described by its author as â€Å"this Indian Edda†.It is, from beginning to end, a metrical version of legends originating with the Algonquin family of Indians. H. W. Longfellow had taken an interest in Indians from early youth, and early formed a plan to commemorate their legends in his verse. From Schoolcraft he obtained nearly all the material utilized in the cycle he named â€Å"Hiawatha†. Originally his intension was to group the legends about the mythical personality of the Algonquin deity ? Manabozho. The poet’s imagination has invested his hero with much of the character of the strong man who bound together the most compact and efficient league of Indian tribes. The Song of Hiaw atha† was begun on June 25, 1854, and its 5,314 lines were concluded on March 29, 1855. Its meter, derived from that of the great Finnish epic, the Kalevala, consists of eight-syllabled lines, with stresses falling on the first, third, fifth and seventh syllables. Octosyllabic verse, whether trochaic, as here, or iambic, as in Scott’s â€Å"Lays of the Last Minstrel†, is by far the easiest of all measures to write; and the fact that â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is unrhymed made the American’s task greatly easier than that of the Scotchman. H. W.Longfellow left a careful pronouncing vocabulary of all the proper names used from the Indian languages in his poem. These show an almost bewildering confusion of vowels, some having the quality of French, some that of English. The name of the titular hero himself is to be pronounced as if spelled hee-ah-wah? -tha, though the French transliteration made it Haye? nwatha, with the accent on the second syllable. The proper names throughout are used with the rarest skill, both to give melody and variety to the verse and to lend it that more subtle quality known as atmosphere.The main character appears in the tales of Indians under various names. He endowed with many fine features and embodied the idea of overcoming every kind of discord, rejection of strife and wars in the name of labor peace on generous ground. H. W. Longfellow is rich in some special vocabulary or different realities: geographical, ethnographic, religious, mystical. Geographical realities mainly include the names of settlements, their location, characteristics of plant and wildlife and natural conditions. Using a large number of realities, indicating the birds, animals and insects, H. W.Longfellow was trying to show the diversity of nature and its inhabitants. He mentions such birds as â€Å"Shuh, shuh-gah, the heron†, â€Å"Chetowaik, the plover†, â€Å"Mahng, the loon†, â€Å"the wild-goose, Wawaâ⠂¬ , â€Å"the grouse the Mushkodasa†[8, p. 9-10]. Another special vocabulary concerns the names of nations, since each nation has evolved a way of life and culture that initially led them to division into different clans: Ojibways, Dacotahs, Hurons and others. Several times the author refers to â€Å"the vale of Tawasentha†[8, p. 10]. the word â€Å"vale† according to Oxford American Dictionary is a poetic term for a valley.In the introduction a reader can also meet an archaic word â€Å"ye† which according to Collins Cobuild Dictionary means â€Å"an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for you when you are talking to more than one person†. Concerning the stylistic devices, repetition is one of the most frequent stylistic means in Longfellow’s poem. In the poem it can be founded on all levels of language, but the most frequent used is lexical anaphora: â€Å"With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curl ing smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers,With their frequent repetitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [8, p. 9] or â€Å"From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands †¦Ã¢â‚¬  [8, p. 9] and some others starting with prepositions â€Å"from†, â€Å"and†, â€Å"by†. These lines also can be characterized as parallel anaphoric syntactic constructions. Apart from lexical anaphora, the author uses distant repetition of such hrases as â€Å"pleasant water-courses†, â€Å"to this Song of Hiawatha†, morphemic repetition ? â€Å"Sang the Song† [8, p. 11] ? which belongs to root repetition. Affixational repetition in the line â€Å"There are longings, yearnings, strivings† brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. In the same time, this line is a nice example of gradation, the type of gradation ? climax. Its function is to give a vivid emotional-evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon described. One more instance of gradation: â€Å"how he lived, and toiled, and suffered† only gives some additional emotive effect.Antonymous syntactic parallel constructions: â€Å"Should you ask me†, â€Å"I should answer† form antithesis. A very nice lexical-syntactic stylistic device used in the poem is simile : And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries†¦ [8, p. 11] It describes the nature of the valley, the weather in the mountains and this description trough using simile gives a reader the clear picture of that locality.The poem is rich in epithets among which it is worth to mention such as â€Å"songs so wild and wayward†(a pair metaphoric epithet), â€Å"melancholy marshes†(simple metaphoric), â€Å"green and silent valley†(the first is tautological, the second is metaphoric, structurally it is a pair epithet), â€Å"singing pine-trees†(simple, metaphoric), â€Å"wondrous birth†(simple emotive proper or affective epithet) and some others. However, the above mentioned epithets in the best way to convey the mood, feeling and emotions of the poem.The excessive use of repetition have made â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† the most parodied poem in the English language, spawning more than a thousand variations, some of them as long as the original. Despite the flaws of critics, caused by H. W. Longfellow’s choice to mimic the solemn, unrhymed tetrameter of the Finns’ Kalevala, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† is still widely accepted as a significant nineteenth-century American poem. Chapter 2 Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† Robert Burns was one of the great poets of the eighteens century and the only great poet ever to emerge from th e British peasant class†[11,p. 23]. According to Merrian-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, R. Burns was â€Å"national poet of Scotland who wrote lyrics and songs in the Scottish dialect†[12, p. 187]. John Anderson mentions that â€Å"most of Robert Burns’s poetry is written in Scotch brogue. The poet used dialect deliberately. It was not that he knew no better. You will notice that when it pleased him, he could turn out stanzas in pure English as polished and smooth as those of any classic poet†[13, p. 36]. â€Å"Burns was interested in authentic folk songs. He collected about 300 original and traditional Scottish songs for books compiled in his day, including The Scots Musical Museum (1787). Burns wrote many poems to be sung to Scottish folk tunes†[14, p. 716]. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world.His poem â€Å"Auld Lang Syne† is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and â€Å"Scots Wha Hae† served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include â€Å"A Red, Red Rose†, â€Å"A Man’s a Man for A’That†, â€Å"To a Louse†, â€Å"To a Mouse†, â€Å"The Battle of Sherramuir†, â€Å"Tam o’Shanter†, and â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss†. However, the poem which we are going to analyse is called â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†. The title of this poem tells us quite a bit.The poet identifies a place that is important to him, and the word â€Å"heart† indicates a strong emotional attachment to the Highlands. The poem is lyric, in fact, a song, and the musical language expresses the emotions of the speaker. In this poem we can assume that the speaker and the poet are the same. It is a poem about Robert Burns leaving his home, the Highlands. He looks back on his life to remember all of the good times he had there. This shows love for a place, the Highlands of Scotland and proves that R. Burns was homesick. Concerning the poetical form, R.Burns wrote four-line stanzas, called quatrains, with a very simple aabbccdd rhyme scheme. The metrical pattern includes an opening iambus followed by two dactyl feet and ends with an accented syllable. Since the dactyl feet prevail, the poem is written in dactylic tetrameter. Poets often vary the meter and feet slightly to avoid a work that sounds like a metronome. This poem has strong visual elements. R. Burns writes about the â€Å"wild deer†, â€Å"green valleys†, and â€Å"wild-hanging woods†. In addition, there is an aural image in the line â€Å"Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods†[1, p. 54]. These images convey the poet’s love for the region, a love that the audience recognizes. Thus, the sensory images elicit an emotional response. R. Burns uses repetition to great effect. Not only does he repeat the first stanza as the last, which is called in stylistics lexical framing, he also repeats words: â€Å"Wherever I†, â€Å"farewell to the†. [1, p. 254]. In the third stanza the author uses repetition in strong position ? lexical anaphora: â€Å"Farewell to the mountains high cover'd with snow; Farewell to the straths and green valleys below;Farewell to the forrests and wild-hanging woods; Farwell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. † [1, p. 254] By using repetition, the poet makes â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† sound like a song. R. Burns also uses the devices to emphasize his ideas. The word â€Å"Highlands† is repeated eight times, and â€Å"Farewell† is repeated six times. The most repeated phrase â€Å"My Heart’s in t he Highlands† contains the most important idea in the poem. At the same time it is a very nice noun metaphor (T ? Heart, V ? implied by the author: human body or even the author himself).According to the degree of unexpectedness, it is genuine metaphor which evokes images and suggests some associations, reveals the author’s emotional attitude towards the described place. Repetition creates an emotional response because the reader must acknowledge the importance of the poet’s attachment to the place. Similarly, the poet uses parallelism, the repetition of the same grammatical form structure, to convey his message and elicit an emotional response: â€Å"Chasing the wild deer, and following the roe†, â€Å"Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North†, â€Å"Wherever I wander, wherever I love†[1, p. 54]. The whole third stanza also serves as an example of parallelism. All these repetitions add the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia in the poem. The opposition in this poem is between â€Å"the Highlands† and â€Å"here†. This opposition in stylistics is called antithesis. Since a reader do not know what kind of place â€Å"here† is, we imagine that it is quite the opposite of the Highlands. This establishes the sense of sadness, the sense of feeling out of place that most people felt at some time. A significant stylistic device is periphrasis : â€Å"the birth-place of Valour, the country of Worth†.The author in such way gives proper names to his Highlands. He wants to emphasize that his country is very beautiful and he will miss it. Usage of epithets enriches the aesthetic perception of the poem. In the poem we can find such epithets as â€Å"wild-hanging woods† which is compound structurally and metaphorical semantically; â€Å"loud-pouring floods† also compound metaphorical epithet. â€Å"Wild deer†, â€Å"green vallies† are examples of simple tautological ep ithets. R. Burns also resorts to using a Scottish dialect. He mentions the word â€Å"Straths† which means a broad mountain valley. John Anderson writes about R.Burns: â€Å"Burns used dialect because ? however well educated a Scotsman may be ? when he is with those he loves and trusts, he drops naturally into brogue. It is cozy, familiar speech of the home†¦Burns, writing for his neighbors and cronies, uses the daily speech, homelike and comfortable as their old clothes†[13, p. 336]. 2. 2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† In the poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†, the reflectively longing and lyrical tones reflect an inner feeling of yearning for the Highlands and a love for the land that liberates those who have been exposed to it.The narrator consistently reminisces about his memories of the Highlands and as he does so, he explains these feelings in a rhythmic and melodic fashion. The feelings that the narrator ex hibits reflect the natural tendency of humans to maintain a connection with their original homeland. The poem’s diction emphasizes the liberation that the Highlands provide and the narrator’s feelings pertaining to his deep affection toward the Highlands. As the narrator â€Å"wander[s]† throughout the Highlands, he ventures to places as widespread as â€Å"mountains covered in snow† where he [â€Å"chases†] wild deer.The Highlands are a place where one experiences freedom as evidence by how expansive they appear. The lack of bothersome interaction and the presence of wide-open spaces allow the narrator to maintain a sense of no restrictions. As the Highlands, or the â€Å"birthplace of valor†, are described, it is evident that the narrator is â€Å"forever [in] love† with them, and that memories of the Highlands are with him â€Å"wherever† the narrator travels. The Highlands symbolize bold strength that has stuck with the nar rator throughout his life.This results in the narrator feeling a close bond with the Highlands. Along with the diction, the point of view allows for observation of the various tones. The first-person point of view reinforces the feelings of wistfulness and release that the poem conveys. The narrator says â€Å"my Heart is not here† in order to convey the fact that he longs to be in â€Å"[his] contry of Worth†, or the Highlands. There is a sense of immediacy as the narrator describes his experiences roaming throughout the hills and vallyes, and his longing is directly conveyed through the first-person point of view.It is clear that, as the Highlands are described, the narrator would rather be there than anywhere else, and the first-person point of view is beneficial in conveying this. The narrator says that he will think of the Highlands â€Å"wherever I wander,† since he claims that â€Å"my heart’s in the Highlands, where’er I go. † The na rrator is not able to let go of his thoughts and feelings about the Highlands when he is not there. This reflects the strong feelings that the narrator has for the Highlands and how he feels incomplete without their presence. Other things, such as the syntax, serve to provide a deeper meaning for the poem.The syntax in the poem moves from short phrases separated by commas, to a rhythmic and repetitive farewell, and finally to a structure that parallels the opening. Initially, the text is very ephemeral, and there is almost no defined rhythm associated with it. The narrator is incredibly attached to the Highlands, and his thoughts seem almost unfocused as he continually thinks about and longs for the Highlands. This reflects how detached the narrator is to his current life and how he would rather be somewhere where he can live with no restrictions. In the middle, the poem gains a defined rhythm, and repetition occurs.The narrator repetitively says goodbye to the Highlands, and during this farewell, he drifts off into somewhat of a euphoric daydream. His thoughts flow freely and in a distinct rhythm. This free-thinking coincides with the freedom that the narrator feels when he is in the Highlands. In the end, the text returns to the brief and disjointed format that it begins with. The narrator realizes that he is not physically at the Highlands, and he resumes wishing that he was. The end reflects a snap back to reality that occurs as the narrator finishes his imaginative farewell.Once again, the broken-up text reflects the uneasiness that the narrator has with his current life. While the syntax serves to provide the poem with a deeper meaning, the imagery and detail expound upon the meaning is evident on the surface of the text. The poem’s imagery and detail reflect both the physical characteristics that make the Highlands such a special area and the deep emotional love that the narrator has for them. The Highlands are very expansive areas that span from â€Å"mountains high covered with snow† to the â€Å"green valleys below,† and the narrator feels a connection with these areas as he â€Å"a-chas[es] the deer† across the hills.The narrator feels free in an environment as widespread as this. Because of this freedom, he reaches a comfort level that is unmatched in any other respect; he even feels comfortable enough to chase wild deer across the hills. The narrator’s passion for â€Å"the country of Worth† is evidenced by the fact that his â€Å"heart is not here. † His strong love for the Highlands makes it seem as though no other land can be compared to them. In fact, he cannot devote his unyielding love to anything other than the Highlands because no love that he has ever experienced has been as strong as his love for the Highlands.The imagery, syntax, point-of-view, and diction each reflect the two original tones of the poem. Because they demonstrate that the poem exhibits a reflective l onging for the past and that the text is lyrical and expressive of feelings, the styles of writing that the poem exhibits are very effective. As in A Dictionary of English Literature is said: â€Å"Burns is important because he deserted the artificial tradition of eighteenth-century poetry, replacing poetic diction with the pungent vernacular, false sentiment with true tenderness, sharms with realities. He taught the Romantics, in Wordsworth’s words: How Verse may build a princely throne On humble truth. † To the world at large he is merely a singer of timeless song†[19, p. 45]. Chapter 3 Lexical, syntactic, expressive means and stylistic devices in: 3. 1. â€Å"Young and Old† by Charles Kingsley As The Encyclopedia Americana informs:â€Å"Charles Kingsley (1819-1875) was English clergyman, author, and teacher and a leader in social and economic reform movements†¦A founder of the Christian Socialist movement, he was an active supporter of the British working-class movement known as Chartism, as is demonstrated in his early novels ?Yeast (his first novel, originally published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1848) and the powerful Alton Locke (1850). Openly didactic, they were meant to educate the upper classes in their social responsibilities. Ch. Kingsley is best known for his later novels, which include historical romances and children’s stories. Perhaps the most popular novels were Hypatia (1853) and Westward Ho! (1855)†¦Among his works for children in The Water-Babies (1863), a fairy tale based on natural history† [16, p. 420]. Our task is to analyze one of the poems by Ch. Kingsley â€Å"Young and Old†.This poem originally appeared as a song sung by a character in the Reverend’s book entitled â€Å"The Water-Babies†. Before we get into the specifics of symbols I would like to dwell upon the meter and rhyme scheme. This poem is written in an altered iambic trimester. The alteration is ve ry slight: a substitution of a single tribrachin place of the last iambic meter of every odd line. The simple rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefghgh contributes to the easiness of the song and prevents the subject from feeling overly forced by use of other unnecessarily more intricate schemes.This poem is about the dissimilarities of youth and old age. There is a certain sentimental connotation to be further explored, but the basis of the poem is rooted in the differences. In the first stanza the author addresses youth. A spry horse to carry along the boot, and the idea that â€Å"every dog [has] his day† paired alongside the comments of a young world and queenly lasses provide us with a clear idea that the topic we broach is that of youth. The line â€Å"young blood must have its course, lad, and every dog his day† come across as a call to action, demanding perhaps as busier and more productive youth.Additionally, we are treated to a slue of natural imagery in the form of gree n trees, geese, swans, the horse etc. The allusion to a simple, natural order is a compelling one. This is continued in the second stanza, though the trees are marked as being brown, the sport of the previously accelerated and youthful life has gone stale, the cart wheels are run down, and the lad is forced to â€Å"creep home† and take his place among the â€Å"spent† and â€Å"maimed† occupants. The final lines provide the wish that, God willing, you are alongside the one that you love.The poem â€Å"Young and Old† is full of many kinds of stylistic devices. The main stylistic device used in the text under analysis is antithesis: â€Å"When all the world is young, lad/ When all the world is old, lad†[5, p. 334]. The whole poem is written by means of parallel constuctions: â€Å" And all the trees are green; And every goose a swan, lad, And every lass a queen;† [5, p. 334] The quatation above mentioned also is a vivid example of repetition in strong positions, namely lexical anaphora. Another example containing anaphora: â€Å"And all the trees are brown; And all the sport is stale, lad,And all the wheels run down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [5, p. 334] Apart from lexical anaphora, there is also lexical epistrophe. In every two stanzas the word â€Å"lad† is repeated. A very significant stylistic device used by Ch. Kingsley is ellipsis or apokoinu: â€Å"And all the trees are green, And every goose [is] a swan, lad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [5, p. 334] In the second stanza predicate is omitted but it is implied by the author. I can point out another instance of an ellipsis: â€Å"Young blood must have its course, lad And every [must have] dog his day† [5, p. 334] Concerning metaphors, they are not so numerous.However, the poem contains two structurally very similar metaphors: â€Å"When all the world(T) is young(V)† and â€Å"When all the world(T) is old(V)†. They are, in my opinion, personal metaphor, i. e. perso nification. Here world obtains the characteristics of human. It can be young or become old. Also these two lines are, to some extent, hyperbolized by usage of the word â€Å"all†. This poem was analyzed by T. Hoagwood. He shows that it is impossible for the song to be fully understood when first encountered in The Water-Babies. It is only later in the story that we recognize that the song is the old dame’s lament for her son Grimes who left her.The realization at the end of the novel that Grimes is her son â€Å"enables us to revisit the lyric and to revise our understanding of its latent, private, and even secret significance for the grieving old dame†. 3. 2. â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe One more poem which we are going to analyze is called â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by Barnabe Googe. According to The Encyclopedia Americana, B. Googe (1540-1594) was â€Å"English poet and translator. Googe’s only original work is Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonnets, a collection of poems published in 1563. His eclogues are among the earliest examples of English pastoral poetry.He also translated into English some minor contemporary works in Latin prose†[17, p. 742]. As a translator, Googe is noted for his English versions of Marcellus Palingenius's Zodiake of Life (1560) and Conrad Heresbach's Four Books of Husbandry (1577). Googe's reputation, which considerably declined following his death in 1594, has been revived by literary historians who recognize in his work transmissions of both ideas and stylistic practices that would influence such better-known English writers as Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and John Milton. In â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† B. Googe worked with a proverbial theme.He stacks caesuras in thirteen lines of the eighteen-line poem, all of them more or less in the exact middle. Because of the repetition, these caesuras speed up the lines rather than slowing them down, h ence allowing the lines from which Googe suddenly omits caesural pause ? â€Å"The heavy heart breeds mine unrest†, â€Å"Such pleasures rife shall I obtain/ When distance doth depart us twain† [4, p. 96] ? to gather greater emphasis since, on top of the newly introduced spondees and trochees, they are also made to slow down. This particular poem also demonstrates Googe’s stoical approach to verse as an adequate container for human feeling.He combines a monotonous rhythm and rhyme scheme with a predominantly monosyllabic lines, pithy both in content and length. The author uses in his poem repetition in strong position through the whole poem namely chain-repetition: â€Å"The oftener seen, the more I lust, The more I lust, the more I smart, The mire I smart, the more I trust, The more I trust, the heavier heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [4, p. 96] This repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. A very interesting device used in the poem is gradation. A reade r can find an emotional climax that expresses the ideas in a descending order of significance: The rarer seen, the les in mind, The less in mind, the lesser pain, The lesser pain, less grief I find, The lesser grief, the greater gain† [4, p. 96] The leading feature of the poem is usage of comparison. I. R. Galperin in his book â€Å"Stylistics† states that â€Å"comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference†[3, p. 167]. In â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† we also can observe comparison. It is almost in each line: â€Å"the oftener/ the more†, â€Å"the more/ the heavier†, â€Å"the rarer/ the less†, â€Å"the lesser/the greater†, â€Å"the more/the happier†.A device greatly favoured by the writer is irony: â€Å"Such pleasure rife shall I obtain When distance doth depart us twain† [4, p. 96]. According to Lototska K . â€Å"English Stylistics†: â€Å"Irony (from the Greek â€Å"eironeia†= hidden mockery) is a device based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings standing in opposition†¦Irony is transference by contrast†[9, p. 86]. The last two lines of the poem â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† is the vivid instance of irony. The whole poem is very symbolic. Even the tittle means the idea that if you do not see someone or something frequently, you will forget about it.Barnabe Googe wrote poems in the Native Tradition, a species of plain style. In this relatively early period, accents were heavy, unaccents were light, alliteration survived from old Anglo-Saxon verse, and the subject was usually serious. Conclusion The general purpose of the paper was to investigate stylistic, linguistic, lexical and syntactic peculiarities of five selected poems by different authors, to check earlier observations on the subject of stylistic analysis and to obtain n ew information. This course paper explored the comprehensive study of stylistic devices.Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of the poems and some lexical stylistic devices have not been fully investigated. In this work, to some extent, were used the elements of stylistics under lexico-syntactic patterns and choices, phonological, morphological and graphological devices to analyze such poems as â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence, â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, â€Å" My Heart’s in the Highlands † by R. Burns, â€Å"Young and Old† by Ch. Kingsley, and â€Å"Out of Sight, Out of Mind† by B.Googe. The display of stylistics in the poems, their functions and their effects have been the major focus of this research work. To make a striking impression on one’s readers and stir up their emotions, noth ing else could be done to achieve this purpose than employing the right and appropriate use of language. The study revealed that poets made use of various stylistic devices in a way that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences to secure emphasis and focus the reader’s attention. As can be seen from the data, each poet uses different techniques in his poem.In â€Å"Don’ts† by D. H. Lawrence we can find polysemanticism of the words in combination with repetition, metaphors, epithets, allusion. â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† by H. W. Longfellow is rich in special vocabulary and different realities. The stylistic value of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands† can not be overestimated. Ch. Kingsley and B. Googe are considered to be masters in usage of stylistic devices. Under the lexico-syntactic choices, the authors use similes, metaphors which are both related to the topic of similarity to give clearness and liv eliness to words.Under the phonological devices, rhyming scheme, consonance, assonance are found and they have been used to reinforce meaning. They also provide tone and musical colour and aid memorality. Different kinds of repetition, which is greatly favoured by the authors, and punctuation marks have been used to play various roles to achieve cohesion in discourse for varying stylistic effects. All of these things found out have worked together in attaining and ensuring effective meaning and communication. The choice of words by the poets also plays a very important role in meaning making.It helps the reader to understand the intention and the message the poets were trying to pass across. The obtained results give a clue to the understanding of stylistic analysis. As the previous researches on the given theme are not numerous, it is difficult to compare the findings of this research paper with the results of other study. In the course of investigation I had solid theoretical base . The inconsistency of data is probably a consequence of the lack of practical material and previous research.The problems associated with stylistic analysis and meaning of various expressive means are far from being solved and require further theoretical and experimental efforts. To sum up, different poets in their poems cultivates various styles and techniques which are worth of being studied. Each poem that was analyzed in this course paper fascinates readers by its stylistic originality. References 1. Burns R. The Poetical Works/R. Burns. ? Moscow:Raduga Publishers, 1982. ? 705p. 2. Beaugrande, R,de. Style and Stylistics [Electronic resource] R. de. Beaugrande/ Mode of access:http://www. beaugrande. bizland. om/proceedings. ? [Last access: 2012, October 25]. ? Title from the screen. 3. Galperin I. R. Stylistic/ I. R. Galperin. ? Moscow:Higher school, 1977. ? 331p. 4. Googe B. Eglogs, epytaphes, and sonettes, 1563 / B. Googe, E. Arber. ? A. Constable and Co. , 1871. ? 128p. 5. Ki ngsley Ch. Poems/ Ch. Kingsley. ? Wildside Press LLC, 2007. ? 428p. 6. Lawrence D. H. The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence/ D. H. Lawrence. ? Wordsworth Editions, 1994. ? 352p. 7. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama/ Ed. By X. J. Kennedy and D. Gioia. ? Harper Collins, 1991. ? 3400p. 8. Longfellow H.W. The Song of Hiawatha And Other Poems/ H. W. Longfellow. ? The Reader’s Digest Association Inc. , Pleasantville, N. Y. / Montreal, 1989. ? 350p. 9. Lototska K. English Stylistics/ K. Lototska. ? Lviv: Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Publishing Centre, 2008. ? 253p. 10. Maltzev V. A. An Introduction to Linguistic Poetics. ? : , 1980. ? 240p. 11. McGuirk C. Robert Burns and the Sentimental Era/ C. McGuirk. ? Tuchwell Press, 1985. ? 193p. 12. Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. ? Springfield, Massachusetts: Merrian-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers, 1995. 1236p. 13. St. Thomas More Series: Prose and Poetry of England/ Ed. By J. L. Mali ne. ? Syracuse, New York: L. W. Singer Company, 1955. ? 750p. 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. ? 2003. ? Vol. 2. ? 760p. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. ? 2011. ? Vol. 12. ? 538p. 16. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 16. ? 798p. 17. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 19. ? 922p. 18. Widdowson,H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. ? L: Longman,1975. 128p. 19. A Dictionary of English Literature/ Ed. by Homer A. Walt, William W. Watt. ? New York: Barnes ; Noble, Inc. , 1877. ? 430p. 20. Oxford American Dictionary/ New Oxford American Dictionary/Ed. By John Simpson ; Edmund Weiner. ? Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2005. ? 1008p. 21. Collins Cobuild English Words in Use. / Ed. By J. M. Sinclair. ? London: Longman, 2008. ? 1052p. 22. ?. ?. / ?. ?. . ? :, 1990. ? 304. ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. According to Lototska K. English stylistics† tenor is the subject of thought in a trope (in rhetoric it is also called the primum comparandum), and the vehicle is the concept of a thing, person or an abstract notion with which the tenor is compared or identified (the secundum comparatum). Other terminologists distinquish between â€Å"idea† and â€Å"image† or †target† and â€Å"source†. [ 2 ]. Allusion is considered to be a special variety of metaphor by Yu. Skrebnev. Allusion (from Latin â€Å"to mention inderectly†) is a hint, an indirect reference to something presumably known from literature, mythology, history, the Bible. [ 3 ]. According to Lototska K. English Stylistics†: Gradation (Gr. †ascent, climbing up†) is an arrangement of parallel words and statements in an ascending or descending order of importance, intensity,etc. The first, ascending order is known as climax. The opposite arrangement of parallel units, by which the thought â€Å"descends† from higher to lower, is called anticlimax. [ 4 ]. Simile (Latin â€Å"similes†= alike) is an imaginative comparison (also called literary comparison). It consists on an explicit likening of one object (the tenor) to another object (the vehicle) on the basis of some common features/characteristic (the ground).The common scheme is â€Å"A is like B†. [ 5 ]. Wondrous ? it is a poetic or literary word which has meaning of inspiring a feeling of wonder or delight. [ 6 ]. Iambus ? a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable. [ 7 ]. dactyl ? a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables. [ 8 ]. Antithesis ? is an opposition or contrast of ideas usually presented in parallel construct ions ( in phrases within one sentence, or two or more clauses or sentences). [ 9 ]. eriphrasis (Grek â€Å"to speak all round†) is a figure of speech when a longer phrase with descriptive epithets, abstract general terms, etc. , is used istead of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression. [ 10 ]. tautological epithets ? became fixed through long and repeated use, they emphasize one of the primary qualities of the defined. [ 11 ]. tribrach ? is a metrical foot used in formal poetry and Greek and Latin verse. In quantative metre(such as the meter of classical verse), it consists of three short syllables; in accentual-syllabic verse (such as form