Finance 3301 questions Essay Example for Free

Fund 3301 inquiries Essay Broussard Skateboard’s deals are required to increment by 15% from $8 million of every 2012 to $9. 2 million of every 2013. Its advantages totaled $5 million toward the finish of 2012. Broussard is as of now at full limit, so its benefits must develop at a similar rate as anticipated deals. Toward the finish of 2012, current liabilities were $1. 4 million, comprising of $450,000 of records payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of collections. The after-charge overall revenue is guage to be 6%, and the determined payout proportion is 40%. Utilize the AFN condition to conjecture Brous-sard’s extra subsidizes required for the coming year. Required increment in resources †Increase in unconstrained liabilities †Increase in held income = AFN AFN=($5/$8)*$1. 2 †($1. 4/$8)*$1. 2-$9. 2*6%*(1-40%)=0. 75 0. 21 †0. 33=21% Chapter 10 Tony Company’s accounting report shows $300 million in the red, $50 million in favored stock, and $250 million in all out normal value. Tony Company's duty rate is 40%, rd =6%,rPS =5%,andrs =10%. In the event that Tony Company get capital structure of 30% obligation, 5% favored stock, and 65% normal stock, what is its WACC? Wd=30% ; Wps=5%; Ws=65% WACC=Wd*rd*(1-T)+Wps*rps+ws*rs=30%*6%(1-40%)+5%*5%+65%*10%=0. 0108+0. 000125+0. 065=7. 59% What sorts of the T-securities is the best intermediary for the hazard free rate is the yield on? Answer: An A, drawn out B, transient C, No one Chapter 11 An organization makes esteem when the spread among EROIC and WACC is positiveâ€that is, when Answer: B An, EROIC ? WACC = 0 B, EROIC ? WACC 0; C, EROIC ? WACC

Perinatal Challenges Essay Example for Free

Perinatal Challenges Essay Perinatal difficulties during pregnancy and birth are related with various assortments of sicknesses and entanglements, for example, gestational diabetes and shoulder dystocia during birth. As indicated by Gullotta, Adams and Ramos (2006), perinatal period initiates during the 22nd seven day stretch of growth or following 154 gestational days (p. 392). During this stage, perinatal condition is presented to various substantial changes related to the real reactions of the mother towards pregnancy. As indicated by Ben-Haroush, Yogev and Hod (2003), gestational diabetes regularly advances during perinatal periods wherein metabolic assimilation of sugars becomes hindered potentially because of deficiency in insulin creation, metabolic debilitations related to receptor mutations, and arrival of hostile to insulin hormones (e. g. human placental lactogen, and so forth ). As upheld by Callahan and Caughey (2006), dynamic event of gestational diabetes may result to various inconveniences during labor, for example, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycemia (p. 1). In particular, shoulder dystocia is one of the most well-known confusions related with gestational diabetes. This is generally distinguished in cases wherein the mother experiences trouble of labor because of hazardous going of the infant’s front shoulder (Gullotta, Adams and Ramos, 2006 p. 392). Shoulder dystocia and gestational diabetes are connected issues during pregnancy. As bolstered by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), perinatal event of diabetes as a rule winds up in risky infant’s size extent, which in the long run uproots the infant’s body parts in unseemly situations during labor coming about to the trouble of conveyance (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is viewed as a conspicuous mortality donor particularly during perinatal periods wherein the improvement of the kid is extraordinarily undermined because of the metabolic impedances of the mother. As indicated by Zazworksky, Bolin and Gaubeca (2006), â€Å"perinatal mortality, comprising of both fetal and neonatal passings, is most likely legitimately identified with metabolic unsettling in diabetic pregnancies† (p. 192). Perinatal phase of pregnancy, likewise with different times of pregnancy, generally relies upon the happening condition within the mother. In the event that the maternal metabolic glucose retention and insulin levels are undermined, the infant’s improvement is along these lines at gambled of creating various intricacies related to such condition. As per Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. 2003), gestational diabetes happening during perinatal period results to four-overlap higher death rates contrasted with those non-diabetic pregnancies (p. 431). Pregnancy intricacies coming about because of dynamic perinatal diabetes are the most troublesome situations to manage. Macrosomic or those proportionately expanded newborn children are fundamental issue brought about by gestational diabetes. As upheld by Goroll, Mulley and Mulley, Jr. (2006), gestational diabetes and the rate of macrosomic conveyance trigger expanded hazard for genuine horrendous labor and the requirement for broad cesarean segment (p. 81). Horrendous inconvenience of macrosomia prompted by gestational diabetes is shoulder dystocia, which enormously improves the probability of cesarean area and birth injury for typical segment (Hod, Javanovic and Di Renzo et al. , 2003 p. 431). In this investigation, the accentuation fundamentally include (a) the perinatal difficulties brought by gestational diabetes and (b) the entanglements of labor came about by shoulder dystocia as an intricacy of gestational diabetes. Conversation Formally, the perinatal period begins following 22 finished growth weeks and finishes following seven days of post-conveyance. Perinatal difficulties in pregnancy include diverse substantial conditions that can be dangerous to both mother and the baby. World Health Organization characterizes perinatal period as the â€Å"period of pre-birth presence after practicality of the embryo is reached, the span of work, and the early piece of extra-uterine life† (refered to in Siegel, Swanson and Shyrock, 2004 p. 354). As per DeCherney and Goodwin (2007), perilous complexities of pregnancy are normally most noteworthy during the perinatal period than some other phases of pregnancy because of assortment of mortality causes (p. 188-189). As upheld by Herbert (2003), the most recent three months of fetal life in the belly are viewed as the most imperative phase of pregnancy because of the elevated affectability of the infant to the natural wellbeing inside the mother (p. 44). One of the most well-known difficulties looked during this time of origination is the metabolic issue selective during pregnancy †gestational diabetes. The metabolic issue during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, is an elite condition related to debilitated glucose retention brought by the inadequacy of foundational insulin levels of the body (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). Physical difficulties and dangers brought by gestational diabetes during perinatal period irrefutably hazardous and indispensable to the endurance of both mother and youngster. As indicated by Queenan, Spong and Lockwood (2007), gestational diabetes is viewed as a notice indication of incubation actuated insulin opposition (p. 179). Gestational diabetes is normally recognizable on the early or last a long time of perinatal period, which is roughly 24 weeks of development (Dudek, 2006 p. 290). The occurrence and commonness of gestational diabetes during the perinatal periods are factually increasingly articulated contrasted with different times of origination. As indicated by Porth (2005), gestational diabetes happens up to 14% of all pregnancies relying upon the populace and demonstrative techniques used (p. 998). As guaranteed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), gestational diabetes happens among the around 3% to 8% of females not recently determined to have diabetes. Included by the open association Diabetes Australia (2004), rates of gestational diabetes happens all the more dominatingly among (higher than 20%) native ladies contrasted with other ethnic assorted varieties. Etiologies credited to the expanding frequency of gestational diabetes are as yet obscure because of the problematic etiological suggestions of gestational diabetes. Be that as it may, various examinations (Buchanan and Xiang, 2005; Langer, Yogev, and Most et al. , 2005; Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. , 2003) have proposed their speculative clarification to the etiological idea of gestational diabetes itself. The main hypothesis proposed by Buchanan and Xiang (2005) is related with the hereditary idea of the mother inclining to her to gestational diabetes. As upheld by Porth (2005), incubation diabetes is progressively conspicuous among moms who have history of glucose narrow mindedness or metabolic issues identified with glucose ingestion (p. 988). In the investigation of Buchanan and Xiang (2005), gestational diabetes is professed to be the finished result of monogenic brokenness of B-cells. Transformations in the mitochondrial DNA of beta cells trigger the autosomal changes in the long run causing beta cell brokenness. In the interim, as per the investigation of Rosenberg, Garbers and Chavkin et al. (2003), gestational diabetes is activated by way of life rehearses earlier and during pregnancy. In the investigation, a sum of 63. % of the all out ladies in the heaviest gathering (weight: 300 lbs or 136 kg) have had rate of gestational diabetes and different inconveniences during pregnancy contrasted with the ladies whose weight territory between 200 to 299 pounds (49. 8%). As indicated by Callahan and Caughey (2006), another speculative clarification to the etiology of this condition is the arrival of placental hormone, explicitly known as the human placental lactogen (a. k. a human chorionic somatomammotropin), which goes about as an enemy of insulin substances expanding the insulin opposition and summed up starch prejudice of the mother foundationally (p. 05). Included by LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky (2003), beta cells emission of insulin is unequipped for completely repaying the expanding substantial necessities of both baby and mother; henceforth, glucose bigotry results (p. 1295). On the off chance that this glucose malabsorption proceeds, the mother’s body experience serious ascent of sugar levels prompting gestational diabetes, while the newborn child is considered in danger of encountering hypoglycemia because of inadequate degrees of insulin utilized for glucose ingestion (Callahan and Caughey, 2006 p. 105). As bolstered by Porth (2006), gestational diabetes is progressively unmistakable during 24th up to 28th seven day stretch of growth, which is really the perinatal period (p. 988). Contrasted with the ordinary pregnancy, moms with gestational diabetes show diminished secretory movement, traded off insulin reaction per unit of glycemic incitement and nonattendance of insulin progressiveness (LeRoith, Taylor and Olefsky, 2003 p. 1295). Potential dangers associated with gestational diabetes are the entanglements that may emerge during perinatal periods. Ceaseless event of gestational diabetes likewise inclines potential issues during kid conveyance or the most recent seven days of perinatal period. As indicated by Brown, Isaacs and Krinke et al. (2005), potential results of gestational diabetes during perinatal period prompts the flood of insulin levels inside the uterine condition, which in the end builds glucose reuptake of fetal cells changing over them to triglycerides (p. 127). In such conditions, the newborn child creates sensational fat stores with expanded body outline size and weight contrasted with the typical baby (4500 grams). As upheld by Wehren and Marks (2004), the ascent of blood glucose in the mother’s inner condition likewise expands the blood glucose levels circling inside the baby, which therefore puts the kid under the situation of neonatal hyperglycemia (p. 209). Beside neonatal hyperglycemia, bioch

Burton-Conner Floor Rush and Rooming

Burton-Conner Floor Rush and Rooming Burton-Conner is one of the dorms here at MIT. You can check out our very outdated website here: Its almost exactly one year old! I get a lot of questions about how choosing dorms, floors, rooms, and roommates works. In some respects thats tricky to answer, but I can give it a shot. Although this has already been typed, explained, posted, published, and discussed over a dozen times by various bloggers, websites, and other people, I will again describe how housing works. After being admitted and getting your big packet in March you come to CPW and get to explore all the different dorms. After visiting and getting a feel for the dorms you get to decided, officially, whether you want to attend MIT or not. If you choose to attend, your next mailing (The Next Big Mailing) has all of the awesome information you need to get you started, including instructions to set up your e-mail address, financial aid information, a DVD with videos made by each of the dorms, a book describing the dorms, and a list of dorms with a ranking system described. This is when you choose your initial dorms. Thats right, you get to choose your dorm. You rank all of the dorms in order that you would like to live in them (1 = I WANT TO LIVE THERE! 17 = Im a guy, you cant possibly expect me to live in McCormick!). You submit all of your choices and then a month or two later, after a lot of magic happens, you are assigned a dorm, a room, and a roommate (they dont tell you your roommate, you get to figure that out via Facebook), congratulations, but youre not done yet! When you get to campus for orientation youll stay in your temporary room and continue to visit as many dorms as possible during Residence Exploration (REX). After that week of wandering is over you can choose to either stay in the dorm you are temped in or readjust to a new dorm. Readjusting doesnt always mean you get what you want, but its a chance to try to switch dorms. Its a rank/lottery system just like the initial dorm selection. After everybody is in their final dorms the next big event happens: Floor Rush. This is when everything gets a little less standardized. All the dorms have different internal methods of rooming and flooring, so Im going to have to just describe the Burton-Conner method. Im sure other bloggers would be happy to describe other methods for other dorms if you shot them an e-mail. There are 9 residential floors of Burton-Conner: Conner 2 Conner 3 Conner 4 Conner 5 Burton 1 Burton 2 Burton 3rd Burton 4 Burton 5 Each has VERY different personalities, cultures, and types of people so its important to try and live somewhere youll feel the most comfortable. The way floor rush works is that all of the different floors host activities and employ different methods for both the freshmen to meet the upperclassmen and for the upperclassmen to meet the freshmen. Upperclassmen from one floor arent allowed onto the other floors, so again, I cant speak for the other floors, but I can give you a sneak peak into what Conner 2 Floor Rush looked like. Conner 2 is slightly obsessed with a song entitled Shoot the Zombies. Heres our cover: As such, we decided a floor rush activity involving shooting zombies in the head would be prudent. Hence, the sign you could find in the 23 Suite: You see, a zombie recently moved into the 23 Suite and we needed a way to deal with him. They only real good way to deal with a zombie on the loose is to shoot him. With Nerf guns. Also in the 23 Suite were some room tours, giving everybody a glimpse into a standard double (my double) and some singles. It was kind of important for us to have a good rush for two big reasons. 1) We have no walls. They ripped all the wood paneling off our walls and are replacing them with drywall, spackle, and paint. At this point we only have drywall. 2) Our TV is broken. Id be willing to bet that a lot of the floors had a Wii on, we did not. Instead, we had smoothies , iced coffee, and crepes. The aftermath can be seen here: We made sure that the entrance to Conner 2 was as nice as we could make it, so we dressed up the entry way to the floor. Also, no, were not a cultural house, even though we have Union Jacks all over the floor. Heres our story Conner 2 is commonly known as English House. Hence the British flags painted on the walls and all. But why? Back in the fall of 74 (before there was a New House for all the cultural houses), the western half of the floor was separated by the eastern half by a locked door and was called Russian House. (Only the eastern half was officially considered Conner 2.) The floor tutors suite was part of Russian House and was occupied by the faculty director of Russian House. As is probably obvious, Russian House was established to give students an immersive environment in which to become fluent in Russian. The Russian House students placed Russian labels on many common objects on the floor to assist them in learning conversational Russian quickly. Russian House moved out of Burton-Conner after the Spring 1975 semester, but left their Russian labels all over the place. The residents of Conner 2, in turn, began calling the floor English House. Inspired one night, they placed English labels on the common objects around the floor. Rather than removing the Russian labels (which didnt really work well since they were quite attached to the walls), they just labeled over them in English. Some people got so into the spirit that British flags began to appear decorating the walls. In order that the descendants of those first Founders might never forget their history, Conner 2 became commonly known as English House. To this day, the fire extinguisher between the 23 and 24 suites still bears an original Russian label. One the wall right outside our elevator are pictures of all the residents and the story that I just posted. When the elevator door opens and you step out you are greeted with a whiteboard bearing the following: Unfortunately, all of our elevator area niceties were stymied by Conner 3. Conner 3 had cracked open the elevator panel, rewired it, and then closed it back up again, making it only open on Conner 3 and the lobby. Ordinarily, this would be hilarious. Honestly, kudos to Conner 3, but there are some serious issues with doing this during floor rush. First off, floor rush isnt a competition between floors, its a chance for freshmen to visit all the floors and find the one theyd fit in to. Floors actually force freshmen to leave and go visit other floors if they hang around too long. Its not a competition to get as many frosh as possible, so Conner 2 got a bit miffed over Conner 3 screwing with dorm property and floor rush in one fell swoop. Floor competitions or snowball fights, re-wire your hearts out, but dont prevent freshmen from visiting Conner 5 because they cant take the elevator and dont want to take the stairs. Not cool. We decided to fix the elevator so we grabbed toolboxes and went to work. To get the panel off we removed all the hex bolts but the very last bolt was some weird double pinned security bolt, the tool for which we didnt own. Laura messed with it for a while and then I messed with it, eventually constructing a homemade tool from some paperclips and electrical tape that finally opened the panel. It was pretty apparent what had been tampered with, all of the wires from buttons, labeled 1-5, had been spliced into one black wire and that was connected to the 3 slot. We unspliced the wires, separated them out, and then put them back where they belonged. Except for Conner 3. We wired them to go to Conner 1, just because. They walked into the elevator as we were doing this however, and the wires were switched back such that the elevator was completely returned to its normal state. The panel was screwed back down, and freshmen began using the elevator to visit ALL the floors, not just Conner 3. At the end of the evening, freshmen ranked the floors. They submitted their rankings and then overnight more magic happened. Unfortunately, the flooring magic isnt as efficient as the housing magic, so while many people got their first choice, several people got their 6th, 7th, 8th, and even 9th picks. It really is unfortunate and since Im not on the flooring committee I dont understand how it all works. Know that its not impossible to move to a different floor, so if you truly are unhappy with where you live after a year there, talk to a different floor and see if theyll accept you during the next flooring cycle (generally at the end of the year). So thats Burton-Conner/Conner 2 floor rush. Once the freshmen are on a floor they are slotted into rooms (again, different methods for different floors) and then life at MIT begins. Post Tagged #Burton-Conner House

Is The Pre Emptive Use Of Force Against Terrorism Lawful...

IS THE PRE-EMPTIVE USE OF FORCE AGAINST TERRORISM LAWFUL? INTRODUCTION Is the pre-emptive use of force against terrorism lawful? This has become one of the major topics of discussion within the international system. Terrorism, has been around for several years and was brought into the limelight during the 9/11 attacks that occurred within the United States of America (USA). These were the first attacks that occurred on US soil since the Pearl Harbor. As a result, the Bush administration which was the, then ruling government, declared a war on terror. Therefore, the US declared war on rogue dictators such as Saddam Hussein and terror suspects and groups such as: Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda respectively. Throughout the years this ‘War on Terrorism’ has culminated into a global issue which has posed a serious and significant threat upon the lives of innocent human beings. Furthermore, due to the fact that we are continuously interacting and inter-relating with one another due to rise in globalization; the security of regions is under threat because it has spread transnationally through the access of information and technology. Therefore, it makes it a very difficult problem to solve at this point in time. This therefore brings us to really examine whether it is lawful for a state to use force to protect its citizens from threats such as terrorism. We then examine the laws that have been put in place by international organizational bodies such as the United Nations (UN).Show MoreRelated Anticipatory (Pre-emptive) Self-defence: The Need for a Modern Approach2885 Words   |  12 PagesAnticipatory (Pre-emptive) Self-defence: The Need for a Modern Approach The use of military force is a valid customary international law norm and it is enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Nevertheless, the use of force is only authorised if it falls under one of two categories: self-defence (article 41 of the United Nations Charter), or Security Council authorisation. To justify a resort to pre-emptive war, a state must give reasonable proof that the action is necessary to the vitalRead MoreHow Effective Is Terrorism Is For Achieving Its Political Objectives3701 Words   |  15 Pages Topic: How effective has terrorism being in achieving its political objectives. This essay will discuss how effective the terrorism has been in achieving its political objectives and will base its arguments on Political Terrorism by Schmid AP and Alberts J 1988 case study and supported by the 9/11 attack by Webster 2011 and the Siege operation by Cathy 2013. In unpacking the topic, key areas such as history and defining terrorist, the effectiveness of terrorism, its political objectives andRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesCONTENTS FOR NSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 Read MorePepsi Prospectus112807 Words   |  452 Pagesafter deducting estimated underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately P1,196 million. For a more = detailed discussion on the proceeds from the Firm Offer and our proposed use of proceeds, please see â€Å"Use of Proceeds† on page 27 of this Prospectus. Each holder of Shares will be entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors (the â€Å"Board†), provided that any stock dividends declaration requires the approval of

A Balanced System Of The Republican Party And The...

Tiffany Edwards While democracy, to be a balanced system, should be two or more parties who hold different beliefs, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party have a long history of feuding when it comes to debating the major issues. The biggest issues that continue to be ongoing debates between the parties are education, tax reform, immigration, national debt, healthcare and abortion. Republicans tend to lean more toward the freedoms, rights and responsibilities of the individual and the democrats lean more toward American equality and social responsibility. Due to the differences in core beliefs between the two groups, it is uncertain that the two parties will ever be able to see eye to eye. When it comes to education the Democrats believe that the public school system should be supported. The democrats support the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† initiative and, when necessary, to close consistently failing schools that refuse help to make way for new schools with new approaches. Although i n 2012 even Democrat, US Rep George Miller agrees that this program needs a rewrite. He stated, â€Å"We have learned a lot since the law’s enactment. Thanks to NCLB, the evidence is irrefutable that all kids can learn if given an opportunity to succeed, regardless of their zip code or income. However, the law s reforms are now outdated. It is now restraining schools from making the kinds of improvements needed to benefit students, communities and the economy.† (Miller Statement on 10thShow MoreRelated Differences Between the Republican National Party and the Democratic National Party1360 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences Between the Republican National Party and the Democratic National Party Since the beginning of American politics, we have lived in a two party political system. 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DespiteRead MoreBeliefs and Ideals of Democrats and Republicans954 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Decisions and Actions Democratic-Republican Partys Beliefs and Ideals Federalist Partys Beliefs and Ideals Initiated the first Barbary War Aligned most with the Federalists party because it was a display of national power. They were terrified of a strong national government. They were strong believers of a central government Bought the Louisiana Purchase Aligned most with the Federalist party because they believed in expanding national power by expanding their territory and property. TheyRead MoreDemocratic National Committee : The Democratic Party1433 Words   |  6 PagesI chose the Democratic National Committee, or DNC, as the political party organization that I want to study. I selected the Democratic National Committee because it sets the core values of the Democratic Party and Democrats in the United States. 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Inner City Neighborhoods Free Essays

Writing 100 – Essay 4 One problem that faces inner city neighborhoods is boredom. Everyday residents may be scared to leave their homes late at night out of fear that something might happen because of danger. Whether it’s getting mug on the sidewalk or being held at gun point because someone wants to steal their car, any reason is a good enough reason for these residents to be scared for their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Inner City Neighborhoods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Residents have to come up with ideas to help improve the reoccurring crimes. I’m sure that political figures would also like to help these inner city neighborhoods, but don’t always have the funding to do so. Individuals who drop out of college or even high school at such a young age can’t do much with their lives because they have no skills to get them a job. One bad decision like having unprotected sex, can lead to failing at life which can cause pregnancies at an early age. These harmless children are forced to grow up in around people who won’t make the right decisions for them at a young age which causes them to mistakenly make the same decisions that their parents made. Situations like these, where young children can’t get the help they need, are what cause high unemployment rates. Sadly, this doesn’t only happen in inner city neighborhoods. I’ve seen it happen in my own neighborhood with kids that I have grown up with and decided that certain decisions would be okay and those same decisions took over their lives and took away opportunities that they can now never get back. If there were more centers in inner city areas with either free or cheap activities for citizens, more kids, teens, and young adults would have activities or games to do instead of walking the streets. It would stop people from doing drugs, robbing stores, or hurting passersby on the sidewalk, from getting drunk and trying to take advantage of one another and making hurtful decisions. One example of a hurtful decision was in January of this year in Brooklyn. A New York City policeman was shot in the back of the head while pursuing a man who had reportedly been armed with a gun. I happen to know the policeman, Officer Brennan, who’s his young daughter and wife are what gave him the power to believe that he could make it through this tragedy. If people go to these centers, maybe they wouldn’t stay out as late. However, if they’re not free, it’s less money that they can spend on drugs and alcohol. These would be centers where one can rent equipment and a court to play select sports for a certain amount of time. For example, on Long Island there are plenty of things to do in almost any town and crime is lower. In the inner city neighborhoods people have less money and less activities. Having paintball arenas, airsoft arenas, and other controlled environments can be rewarding and reflecting of what good behavior should be like. I’m sure that spending the small amount of money, around ten dollars a group, for these activities or games wouldn’t be a problem because some people like to compete and play a lot of pick-up sport games with random people. Growing up in these places just might make future generations fall into the same bad path of doing drugs and the same wrongful decisions and getting into trouble or even getting killed. Every day in the newspapers or on the news you can read or hear about a new story where someone made a bad decision and some innocent person was accidentally harmed or killed for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The country has been coming out of a recent state of economic depression which caused various amounts of job loss across the country thus, giving too many people too much free time. And now that the hurricane came and wiped out the nice places, citizens now have less things to do on weekends and their days off from work. I think that crime will increase in these inner city neighborhoods because of these reasons. I like to know that when I leave my house every day to go to school that I’m not going to die in a car accident because of someone recklessly driving to get away from the police. How to cite Inner City Neighborhoods, Essay examples

Productivity Audit

Table of Contents Introduction General impression of the audit Analysis Recommendations Value Facet Analysis Conclusion References Introduction A Productivity audit is a tool that companies and businesses use to analyze an organization’s effectiveness. A company achieves this by determining the status of its productivity. A productivity audit establishes the organization’s current productivity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Productivity Audit specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recently, due to increased competition and the dynamic nature of customers’ needs, many companies are adopting the productivity audit as a tool. This helps to increase organization’s productivity, thus giving it a competitive advantage in the market. Walgreens, the largest drug store chain in United States of America, has its head quarters in Deerfield, Illinois. The company has expanded its business into all fifty states in America and Puerto Rico. It has over eight thousand stores in the USA. Walgreens offers a wide range of products and services. These include consumer goods, services, and pharmaceutical products. It supplies its products and services through Walgreens health services, Walgreens Health and Walgreens Wellness Divisions. It also has three mail order facilities in its portfolio. Walgreens has positioned most of its stores in prime locations except a few located in malls. General impression of the audit A productivity report should be comprehensive and fair to ensure that the organization does not underestimate or exaggerate its productivity status. The management should establish standards and policies for use during the audit to improve consistency and uniformity within the organization. The Walgreens’ productivity audit report presented in this paper will focus on eight key areas. Policies are the fundamental guidelines that govern the operations of an organization. The audit will evaluate Walgreens policies and, how the policies are contributing to the productivity of the corporation. Leadership of an organization is a critical component in determining the overall success of the organization. The audit will evaluate how Walgreens’ leadership has affected the productivity of the corporation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives should be measurable, time bound, attainable and communicated to all stakeholders of the organization. The productivity audit will evaluate the roles, which the objectives of corporation have played in the success of the business. The audit will also establish modifications to put the organization at a competitive advantage over similar corporations in the industry. Inputs are the resources that an organization incorporates into the production process. They include raw materia l, capital, and labor. The productivity audit will establish how inputs into Walgreens operations contribute to its productivity. The audit also evaluates how the management can make these inputs more efficient to maximize the productivity of the corporation. Technology helps an organization to keep up with the market trends. However, technology becomes obsolete unusually fast hence; an organization has to keep in investing in new technologies to compete appropriately in the competitive market. Investment into technology enhances creation of new products and services, thereby meeting the changing demands of the market. The audit report will establish how technological changes have influenced Walgreens’ productivity and carry out a cost benefit analysis to determine revenue generated from technological investments. According to Drummond, Ensor, and Ashford (2008, p.95), business managements should revise performance measures of the various inputs on regular basis to avoid redu ndant divisions in their organizations. The productivity audit will determine the performance measures, which Walgreens uses to evaluate performance of its employees, technology and the working procedures. This will help the Walgreens to identify areas where the management needs to make more emphatic performance measures to increase productivity of the corporation. Work procedures are the steps, which an organization follows during production of its products and services. An organization should improve work procedures on a regular basis to enhance the quality of its products and services. The organization should use a learning curve to reduce cost and improve the quality of its products and services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Productivity Audit specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The audit will evaluate the evolution of working procedures in Walgreens over the years. The results will help Walgreens t o establish how the working procedures can increase the organization’s profitability through cost reduction and production of high quality products and services. Finally, the productivity audit will analyze the productivity status of staff members in the organization. The organization’s staff provides a link between the technology, inputs, and working procedures. Employee’s performance and competency are critical factors in improving the output and quality of services and products, which an organization offers. The Walgreens productivity audit will establish the competency of employees in the various divisions. The purpose of the audit is to identify training needs of Walgreens’ employees. This shall enable the management to increase the productivity of the employees. Analysis Walgreens has a policy that ensures that eight per cent of its supplier’s minority business enterprise and two percent of the suppliers serve diverse markets. This ensures th at the organization’s products and services are available at the grassroots. Walgreens has policies that enhance its contribution to the development of the community. Through its community-based programs for example, Walgreens plays a very crucial role in the development of the community. In addition, the organization has a policy that ensures that any prospective supplier of its products and services adheres to the company’s stipulated standards of performance. Walgreens has non-discriminatory policies of recruiting suppliers to its products and services. These policies have enabled Walgreens to become the market leader in the pharmaceutical and health products and services’ industry. However, for over the years, the company has not been having a clear policy of prescription of sale of over the counter medicine. As a result, the corporation once faced a lawsuit in which the state accused the corporation for altering doctor’s prescription and selling drug s to patients without a doctor’s written approval. Since the inception of Walgreens in the year 1901 by its founder Charles R. Walgreen, the corporation’s leadership has steered the corporation into financial prosperity. The leadership has in fact ensured that customers access quality products at affordable prices for over the years.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The corporation’s leadership has been hereditary since its inception. The current management of the organization has maintained the corporate culture and leadership perspective established by its founder. The Management has been majorly concerned with expansion of the corporation by encouraging diversity and supporting minority businesses and women. The management of Walgreens is actively involved in the control of production of the corporation’s goods and services. This ensures that their costs are relatively low. The expansion strategy by the management has ensured timely availability of the organization’s products and services to their consumers. Walgreens’ Leadership has had a positive impact on the organization since it has ensured that the corporation maintains leadership in the market. The leadership has established a corporate culture that ensures environmental conservation. The organization also empowers the disabled and minority groups in the co mmunity by offering them employment opportunities. Walgreens’ objectives include fostering growth of the corporation through supply diversity. Walgreen also gives back to the community through its corporate social responsibility program. The corporation recognizes talent by training the disabled and incorporating them among its staff. Through this way, the corporation empowers the minority and disabled in the society. Walgreens’ objectives have helped foster good public image in the community, its supplies, products, and services. Good corporate social responsibility is critical in increasing a company’s productivity. hrough empowerment of minority businesses, women and the disabled, Walgreens contributes directly to the development of the community. Walgreen does not stipulate its productivity objective in its mission statement, which perhaps affects the achievement of its goals. The merchandizing division of the corporation manages productivity of all the inpu ts of the corporation. The division manages the beauty, personal care product lines, and consumables. It also controls the health and wellness operations. Effective merchandizing plans ensure that the corporation supplies quality products and services to the market at affordable prices. The corporation’s ability to supply quality and affordable products and services has enhanced its realization of diverse market objective. Diverse markets have lead to increase in the organization’s revenue over the years. The ease with which consumers can access the organization’s product has lead to an upward trend in the organization’s revenues for over the years. However, to uphold the standards, the corporation undertakes rigorous process of training of all its suppliers and staff to ensure that the organization does not compromise any of its standards at any level. Performance standards and measures in Walgreens aim at ensuring that customers receive quality and safe products and services. The corporation’s auditing department ensures accountability and efficiency in the accounting and finance department. It indeed reinforces management standards in this department. The pharmaceutical department, beauty, and health care product lines, have safety regulations or standards that the production units have to adhere to avoid legal suits for production of substandard products. The standards also stipulate product recall procedures. Recall policies ensure that the organization recalls substandard products that find their way into the market as fast as possible to mitigate the harmful effects they could have on consumers. There exist clear rules and procedures in the Customer service department, which stipulate rerun of goods into the store after purchase, and shipping procedures for the mail order service. Through employee-customer relation’s policies, the performance standards have ensured that the organization maintains customer satisf action. There are in fact set standards to guide the staff when interacting with their clients. The standards also ensure that the corporation does not get involved in legal battle with the state due to supply of substandard products, which may be hazardous for consumption by customers. The innovation department is in charge of ensuring that the corporation uses the latest technology in production, marketing, and distribution of its products and services. Walgreens has adopted innovative expansion strategies that have facilitated the company’s penetration into the class of drivers of the market for over the years. The company also ensures that production of its beauty health, wellness, and pharmaceutical products uses the latest technology in the market. The company uses on line shop for distribution of its products and services globally, which it then delivers to its customers through shipment. Technology has helped Walgreens to keep up with market trends especially by offer ing the most advanced products to its customers. Technology has also helped the organization to maintain its market leadership in the industry. Because of the size of the organization, Walgreens establishes and monitors its work procedures at the departmental level. The corporation has business units, with their respective heads, and professional, functional units, which manage the overall activities of the corporation. However, the organization has established general work procedures for each department to ensure consistency in all its supply chains and business units. To ensure that the Walgreens’ management follows the stipulated regulations before the recruitment of staff and suppliers into the corporation, the potential candidates go through rigorous training programs. The training also ensures that the corporate culture of the organization ingrains into each one of the stakeholders of the corporation. The work procedures enhance uniformity and consistency in all functio ns of the corporation. Consistency enhances provision for quality customer care and products thus, increasing the customer base of the corporation (Guy, 1992, p.38). By ensuring that all the suppliers adhere to the stipulated work procedures, the corporation has made it easy to manage the activities of Walgreens’ wide supply chain. Walgreens recruits most of its staff from disabled persons. The initiative aims at empowering the less fortunate in society. Recruiting such groups of people equips them with skills that enable them to become self-sufficient and self-reliance. After recruitment, the staff goes through rigorous training programs, which ensure that each employee is competent enough, and is well conversant with the organization’s working procedures. The corporation’s staff trains on regular basis to acquaint them with the new technologies in the market. Consequently, this improves their efficiency, thus increasing the productivity of the corporation. or instance, Walgreen has training programs for pharmacists to enable them assist patients with chronic diseases. Walgreens recruits staff from around the country to enable it to handle its ever-increasing workload due to the expansion strategies it undertakes. Recommendations Walgreen should institute a policy for sale of prescription drugs to customers. Although the business units have complied with the policy, the Walgreens should take the initiative to formulate a policy on the sale of prescription drugs to its supply chain and customers. This will ensure that all suppliers of the company’s products and services adhere to this stipulation and therefore avoiding legal consequences of noncompliance such as legal suits and negative public image of the corporation. The organization should institute a program that monitors activities of suppliers to ensure that they adhere to this policy. They should also create awareness among the suppliers for the consequences of noncompliance to this policy. Walgreens should institute standards that ensure that the organization tests all its products to ensure that they meet the required standards before releasing them into the market. Walgreens has had a couple of product recalls, and although the substandard products have never caused a serious harm to consumers, recall of products brings negative publicity to an organization. This consequently affects the demand and hence the market of the company’s products. Management of Walgreens should implement a program that identifies productivity variance in its wide supply chain and business units. The program will ensure that there is uniformity in productivity objectives and strategies adopted in the various units to meet organizational goals. The programs should work in collaboration with a system for reporting any discrepancies in the productivity objectives. When an organization, has measures, which detect discrepancies in productivity objectives, it can avoid cos ts for correcting future problems in a project. Management of Walgreens should take the initiative to adopt productivity audits as a strategy in order to evaluate its work procedures and therefore avoid production of substandard products. The management should encourage collaboration between the production team and supply chains. The collaboration between supply chains and production teams will ensure minimum or nonexistent sale of defective goods to its consumers. Walgreens should train its suppliers to check the products for defects before sale. This will ensure that the products undergo two check levels before sale. Double-checking of products reduces the chances/probability of selling substandard or defective products to customers. This will improve the customer’s confidence to the products of the corporation. Walgreen is a large corporation with over eight thousand stores in the United States. The management of the corporation should adopt corporate structure that is fle xible to allow timely and effective communication of the productivity audit objectives to all the stakeholders. Ensuring that all suppliers and business units are aware of the productivity objectives will minimize objective variances. Walgreens should formulate a productivity plan and make sure that all the supply chains understand their role in accomplishing the objectives of the productivity plan. The productivity plan will enable the top management to monitor and evaluate the performance of the various units. Value Facet Analysis Organization’s stakeholders are critical in helping the corporation to achieve its productivity objectives. Value driven management focuses on values of the organization’s stakeholders. The actions of the stakeholders determine the actions of the organizations (Prokopenko, 1987, p.76). Value facet analysis includes analysis of the organization’s external culture, organizational culture, employees, suppliers, third party, competitors, and the stockholders’ values. Walgreens needs to adopt product measures that will ensure that products, which get to customers, are free of defects that can be hazardous on consumption thus bringing negative public image to the corporation. Walgreens also needs to formulate a policy that will govern the sale of prescription drugs across its supply chain and its business units. To implement these recommendations, Walgreens needs to carry out a value facet analysis to determine how to make its productivity objectives match with the values of its stakeholders. The recommendations’ implementation should be immediate to avoid lawsuit that could arise from defective products in the future. External Cultures of the organization evolves on the basis that there exist values that are common to organizations in the same industry. The move towards globalization has made it necessary to formulate regulations that govern operations of companies in the world. These values help regul atory bodies to formulate universal regulations for organizations in the common industry. Although the regulations may vary in their wording, in different countries, they promote the same values. Walgreens needs to evaluate the external culture before formulating a policy on sale of prescription drugs in its supply chain. This will help the corporation to formulate a policy that many world cultures accept thus leaving no loopholes that may cause legal suits in future. The organization’s culture defines the way of doing things and the acceptable values within that organization. Walgreens has a culture that contributes to the community through its corporate social responsibility programs. Through this culture, it empowers the disabled and minority groups in the community. To develop standards for evaluating its products before sale, Walgreens needs to engrain a culture, which will encourage testing and evaluation of its products. It also needs to engrain a culture that will pro mote adherence to the policy on sale of prescription drugs among its supply chain. Employee’s values should align with the organization’s productivity objectives. When employee’s values match the organization objectives, this will make it easy for the organization to meet its objectives. Walgreens should use the productivity audit on staff to determine their values. It should then determine how those values could align with the organization’s productivity objectives to improve the quality of its products to avoid product recalls in future. Supplier’s values should be in unison with the organizational values and objectives. Walgreens’ merchandizing department should carry out an analysis on the suppliers of the organization’s product. This will help Walgreen to re-evaluate its suppliers’ list and only outsource products from suppliers with values similar to its values. The suppliers should help Walgreens to uphold its product st andards to avoid product recalls in future. Customer’s values are critical factors when deciding on product factors and overall product success. The organization should promote customer values through the provision of quality products that will meet their wants. Walgreens should evaluate its customer’s values. The re-evaluation will help Walgreens to formulate new standards and policies governing its production and merchandizing operations. The customer’s values will also help in the implementation of the policy on sale of prescription in its supply chain. Third party include the government, regulatory bodies and consumers watch groups. Third party values should match the organization’s values to avoid lawsuits and negative publicity on the company. Walgreens should ensure that it adheres to the government’s regulations on the sale of over the counter prescription drugs. The corporation should also ensure that it meets the product standards stipula ted by regulatory bodies through use of standard procedures in its production and merchandizing units. An organization should evaluate its competitors to determine how it will gain competitive advantage through the establishment of productivity objectives that will surpass those of its competitors. Walgreens should implement work procedures that will improve the standards of its products thus avoid product recalls in future. The owners of an organization play a crucial role in influencing the operations of the organization. The owner’s values determine the organization’s productivity objectives. When the organization’s operations are running smoothly, there is promotion of the owner’s values. Walgreens should incorporate its owner’s values through adoption of new standards that will enhance product quality to avoid product recalls in the future. Walgreen should formulate policies that will ensure that the sale of prescription drugs adheres to the s tipulated standards. Conclusion Walgreen is the largest retail distributor of health care, consumables, and pharmaceutical products in the United States of America. The organization has a culture that helps the less fortunate in the society by empowering them with the skills and opportunities necessary to become self-sufficient. A productivity audit on Walgreens shows that the organization has several strengths such as a wide supply chain that has helped it to penetrate over fifty states (markets), in the United States of America. The organization has however some weaknesses such as product recalls due to sale of substandard goods and lawsuits arising from the sale of drugs without a prescription from a qualified physician. Walgreens can turn these weaknesses into strengths and opportunities through adoption of a culture that ensures product quality and adherence to government’s regulations on the sale of over the counter medicine. The corporation should implement these polic ies after the evaluation of value facets to enable Walgreens to align its objectives with those of its stakeholders. Value facets analysis looks at the external cultures of an organization. Such cultures include the organization’s culture, employee’s values, supplier values, customer values, third party values, competitor’s values, and owner’s values. The value facets analysis in this case provided the operative period within which the recommendations are implementable. The implementations of the productivity audit recommendations will increase Walgreens’ productivity. References Drummond, G., Ensor, J., Ashford, R. (2008). Strategic marketing: Planning and Control. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. Guy, M. E. (1992). Ethical decision making in everyday work situations. West Port, CT: Green Word Publishing Prokopenko, J. (1987). Productivity management: a practical handbook. Geneva: International Labor Organization. This research paper on Productivity Audit was written and submitted by user Roy Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Conjugation of Pedir, Servir, and Vestir

Conjugation of Pedir, Servir, and Vestir Pedir (to request), servir (to serve), and vestir (to dress or wear) are among the common Spanish verbs in whose conjugation the -e- in the stem sometimes changes to -i-. Other verbs that follow the pattern of pedir as shown below  include competir (to compete), despedir (to send off, among other meanings), impedir (to impede or prevent), medir (to measure), and repetir (to repeat). Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Pedir pedir (to request) Gerund of Pedir pidiendo (requesting) Participle of Pedir pedido (requested) Present Indicative of Pedir yo pido, tà º pides, usted/à ©l/ella pide, nosotros/as pedimos, vosotros/as pedà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas piden (I request, you request, he requests, etc.) Preterite of Pedir yo pedà ­, tà º pediste, usted/à ©l/ella pidià ³, nosotros/as pedimos, vosotros/as pedisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas pidieron (I requested, you requested, she requested, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Pedir yo pedà ­a, tà º pedà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella pedà ­a, nosotros/as pedà ­amos, vosotros/as pedà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas pedà ­an (I used to request, you used to request, he used to request, etc.) Future Indicative of Pedir yo pedirà ©, tà º pedirs, usted/à ©l/ella pedir, nosotros/as pediremos, vosotros/as pedirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas pedirn (I will request, you will request, he will request, etc.) Conditional of Pedir yo pedirà ­a, tà º pedirà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella pedirà ­a, nosotros/as pedirà ­amos, vosotros/as pedirà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas pedirà ­an (I would request, you would request, she would request, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Pedir que yo pida, que tà º pidas, que usted/à ©l/ella pida, que nosotros/as pidamos, que vosotros/as pidis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas pidan (that I request, that you request, that she request, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Pedir que yo pidiera (pidiese), que tà º pidieras (pidieses), que usted/à ©l/ella pidiera (pidiese), que nosotros/as pidià ©ramos (pidià ©semos), que vosotros/as pidierais (pidieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas pidieran (that I requested, that you requested, that he requested, etc.) Imperative of Pedir pide (tà º), no pidas (tà º), pida (usted), pidamos (nosotros/as), pedid (vosotros/as), no pidis (vosotros/as), pidan (ustedes) (request, dont request, request, lets request, etc.) Compound Tenses of Pedir The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, pedido. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, pidiendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Pedir and Similarly Conjugated Verbs No podemos retener a extranjeros que no quieren pedir asilo. (We cant keep holding foreigners who dont wish to ask for asylum. Infinitive.) Hay muchas veces en las que ella y su madre se han vestido igual. (There are many times in which she and her mother have dressed alike. Present perfect.) La ley no impide venta de alcohol cerca de las escuelas. (The law doesnt prevent alcohol sales near schools.  Present indicative.) Estoy satisfecho con estos resultados porque los muchachos compitieron en contra de los mejores del paà ­s. (Im satisfied with these results because the boys competed against the countrys best. Preterite.) Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial hubo enormes aviones que servà ­an como bombarderos, volaban sobre el enemigo. (During World War II there were huge airplanes that served as bombers, flying over the enemy. Imperfect.)  ¿Se repetir la historia? (Will history repeat itself? Future.) No vas a creer lo que estn vistiendo. (You wont believe what theyre wearing. Gerund.) Rodrà ­guez insistià ³ en que su partido pedirà ­a a los catalanes que votaran sà ­ a quedarse en Espaà ±a. (Rodrà ­guez insisted that his party would ask Catalonians to vote yes to remaining in Spain. Conditional.) Es violatorio de la Constitucià ³n que impidan el derecho a las protestas. (It violates the Constitution for them to impede the right to protest. Present subjunctive.) Quisiera unos padres que no midieran el tiempo al estar conmigo. (I wanted parents who wouldnt ration their time being with me. Imperfect subjunctive.) No pidas perdà ³n. (Dont ask for forgiveness. Imperative.)

What Is a Good GPA Whats a Bad GPA for College

What Is a Good GPA What's a Bad GPA for College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re starting to think about your plans for college, you might be wondering what is considered a good high school GPA or a bad high school GPA in the eyes of admissions officers. This is a complicated question, and it depends on several factors that colleges will take into consideration. In this article, I’ll give you some perspective on what a good GPA and a bad GPA are based on national statistics and your individual circumstances. I’ll also provide advice on the best ways to improve your GPA. Your coursework and GPA are one of the most important pieces to your college application - some colleges consider it your MOST important factor - so make sure you do your research and know where you fit in. What’s a Good GPA Compared to the National Average? Nationally, the average unweighted high school GPA isabout a 3.0, which is a B average. If your GPA is above a 3.0, you’re most likely doing pretty well, but it all depends on how your school calculates GPA and what your ultimate goals are. Keep in mind that this is the average for all students in the country, which includes the 34% of high school students who don't go on to college. The average high school GPA for college-bound students is likely higher than a 3.0. Typically a 3.5-4.0 GPA, which means an A- or A average, is expected for admission to top colleges.However, you may be able to gain acceptance to a less selective school with a GPA that’s as low as a 2.0 or C- average.The concrete numbers are less important than your individual experience and the details of how you earned your GPA, which I’ll discuss in the next section. What’s a Good GPA for YOU? This is a much more important question to ask yourself becauseevery high school is different, and so is every student.Remember that colleges will take into account all the information they have about your high school when assessing your GPA. They don’t look at it out of context in comparison to the national average.Admissions officers realize that two students from different high schools may have different GPAs but relatively equal academic potential. Determining what a good GPA and a bad GPA mean for you mainly means considering three different factors. #1: Your School Does your school give you a weighted or unweighted GPA?At some high schools, two students might both have 4.0s that each mean something different because one student is in advanced classes, and the other is in lower-level classes.If they are unweighted GPAs, colleges will consider the student who takes higher-level classes to be more qualified. Even though both students are earning As, one is earning them with more challenging material. If these are weighted GPAs, it might mean the student in high-level classes is earning Bs, and the student in lower-level classes is earning As. In this situation, colleges will still look more favorably on the student in high-level classes who was willing to take on more intellectual challenges.The point is that a better GPA doesn’t necessarily mean a higher one; you should challenge yourself with your coursework first and foremost. Don't drop down a level in a course so you can get an A - this won't fool colleges into thinking you're a more qualified applicant. If your GPA isn’t perfect but you’re at the top of your class, this might just mean that your school is tough, and it would be nearly impossible to get a flawless GPA (even if students at other less rigorous schools manage it).Once again, colleges will understand these circumstances and take them into account.A 3.7 GPA at your school could potentially look better to admissions officers than a 4.0 GPA at another school. #2: Your Classes So you have all As in your classes and a 4.0 GPA - you’re doing awesome, right?Maybe, maybe not.If you’re getting all As in the highest-level classes your school offers, yes, your GPA is amazing, and colleges will be extremely impressed.However, if you’re taking easy classes just because you know you can get As, the 4.0 on your transcript will not blind admissions officers to the fact that you’re not really challenging yourself. This isn’t to say that everyone should try to take the highest-level classes in every subject.You don’t want to kill yourself with stress, and it’s good for most people to have one or two less rigorous classes. Butif there's a subject you’re really interested in or think you might want to pursue as a course of study in college, try and push yourself to take high-level classes.Even if it brings down your GPA a bit, it will demonstrate that you're a driven student who is willing to take risks to gain a better understanding of the subject.Taking progressively more challenging classes throughout high school, even if it doesn’t raise your GPA, makes your GPA â€Å"better† in the eyes of admissions officers because it’s hard-earned. Climb to the peak of your academic potential! Man, I should write copy for motivational posters. #3: Your Goals for College Do you have your heart set on an Ivy League? Are you planning on attending your state school for a lower tuition price tag? What’s important to you in a college?At Harvard, for example, almost 90% of incoming freshmen have a GPA that’s above a 3.75 (the average GPA is a 3.93), meaning a solid A average. Considering the standards of top schools, it’s likely that most of those GPAs were earned in the highest-level classes in high school. When you have this level of selectivity, students' coursework will be scrutinized just as closely as the numerical values of their GPAs; schools like Harvard are only looking for the top performing students in the highest-level classes. To give a slightly less selective example, at the University of Oregon the average GPA was a 3.6, meaning most students earned around a B+/A- average in high school. It's likely that the courseload of these students was also less challenging, so they may have taken a fair amount of mid-level or lower-level classes in the process of earning their GPAs. These are students that have solid grades but are not at the very top of their classes. You'll need to take a look at the average GPA for incoming freshmen at your colleges of choice to get a sense of where you need to be.Of course, this statistic isn’t the be-all and end-all. Some students with lower than average GPAs will be accepted, and some students with higher than average GPAs will be rejected.It’s important to make sure you’re also looking at the other factors in conjunction with these statistics to figure out what the best GPA range is for you. In the next section, I'll go over how to find and make sense of this information. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Step by Step: Figuring Out a Good GPA for Your Situation So how do you actually decide whether your GPA is good in the context of your plans for college? Follow these steps to get a more solid idea of where you are and where you need to be. 1. Make a list of colleges you think you're interested in. I would recommend Cappex for conducting a low stress college search and making a quick list of possibilities. 2. Research the average GPAs and admission rates for the colleges on your list. Make notes on these statistics so you can refer to them later. To find the admission rate and average GPA at any school, Google "college name" + "admission requirements" + "PrepScholar". We've compiled all the information in a database to make it simpler for you! 3. Compare your GPA to the average GPAs that you find at your schools.A good way to do this is with a chart, such as the blank one we've included below that you can fill in. Once you've found average GPAs, compare them to your own.Are you above or below average?Most schools will give you unweighted GPA statistics, so if your GPA is weighted make sure to take this into consideration. School Name Average GPA (Unweighted) Average GPA (Unweighted) 4. If you're above the average, that's great news! It most likely means that you have a good chance of admission. If you're below the average, you may still have a chance depending on how far off you are. This just means the school will probably be a reach for you. 5. As a last step, you should look at the admissions rates for your chosen colleges. Two schools may have very different admission rates but the same average GPAs. This means that the more selective school expects the same GPA but with more challenging coursework. If a school has an admissions rate of less than 20%, you can assume that you're expected to have a record of very challenging coursework in addition to meeting the average GPA standards. If the admissions rate is between 20 and 40% the school will expect somewhat challenging coursework. If the admissions rate is between 40 and 60%, the school will expect mid-level coursework, and if it's higher than 60% you will probably be able to get away with taking a fair amount of lower level classes as long as your GPA is still relatively high. But I got an A+ in gym! I aced the rainbow parachute unit! HOW COULD THEY NOT WANT ME What Can You Do to Improve Your GPA? I won’t sugarcoat this: It’s not easy to improve your GPA, and it only gets more difficult as high school goes on.If you’re a freshman or sophomore, you still have time to make significant changes.If you’re a junior, you should probably focus more on improving your test scores.Relative to time spent studying, test scores are the easiest way to improve your chances at college admission.They will be given about as much weight in the admissions decision as your GPA for most schools. If you can manage really good scores, you will have a much better chance of getting in even if your GPA is below average for admitted students. I would say there are three main things that you can do if you want to make your GPA better in the eyes of colleges: #1: Take Increasingly Harder Classes This may seem paradoxical. Won’t your GPA go down if you take harder classes?Well, yes, the numbers might go down, but your GPA will be more impressive to colleges if it was earned in challenging classes.Try to level up as you progress through high school to show that you're willing to work hard for your grades.You should only follow this advice if your GPA is already good by the numbers but you aren’t taking difficult classes.If you’re struggling with your current course load, don’t risk moving up and failing a class!It’s your job to understand and respect your limits in terms of stress and time spent on schoolwork. #2: Ask for Extra Help A mistake that many struggling students make is that they don’t ask for help from their teachers.I understand that asking for help isn’t always easy - I know that I myself avoided it for years, and it only hurt me.Asking for help is the SMART thing to do, and it’s going to allow you to get the individual attention you might need in order to understand concepts better.Your teachers will appreciate that you’re making an effort, and you will most likely come away feeling more optimistic about your ability to grasp the material.This is going to be one of the best ways to see a significant positive effect on your grades. #3: Stick to a Schedule and Stay Focused Easier said than done, right?But if you’re serious about improving your grades, this is the bottom line.Procrastination and lack of studying may be hurting your grades more than your academic ability.If you always do everything the night before for "long-term" projects or just glance over your notes briefly before tests, you may need to reassess your habits. Casually reading over the stuff you need to know doesn’t count as legitimate studying unless you go back and verify that you've absorbed it.Think critically about your study habits, and see if there are any areas where you can improve. If you need to create a schedule for yourself in order to keep up with your goals, go for it. All you need is a calendar and some glue. That's how this works, right? Final Assessment What’s a good GPA? What’s a bad GPA? The real answer, as frustrating as this may be, is that it depends!Though the national average high school GPA is around a 3.0, that might actually be a very good GPA or a not so good GPA for you depending on your circumstances and goals.It’s important to consider how your school calculates GPA, the level of your coursework, and the selectivity of the schools you hope to attend in deciding whether your GPA is good. Though GPA is very difficult to improve, you may be able to make significant changes if you’re a dedicated freshman or sophomore by challenging yourself with your coursework, asking for extra help, and revising your study habits.If it’s too late to significantly improve your GPA and you don’t feel that it’s quite as good as it should be, focus instead on improving your standardized test scores.This will give you a better return on investment for the hours you spend studying. Remember that the actual number value of your GPA doesn’t matter nearly as much as the effort you put in to get there. Just keep working hard, and don’t get discouraged! // // What's Next? Another important aspect of your college application will be letters of recommendation from teachers. Read this guide on the best way to ask for recommendations. If you're planning on applying to the top schools in the country, a great GPA isn't the only thing you should focus on. Learn more about how to get into the most selective colleges. Looking into attending state schools and need some advice on how to pay your way? Here's how to get accepted to honors programs and earn merit scholarships at state schools. Want to improve your GPA?Check out our in-depth guide to raising your grades, from a writer who got a perfect 4.0 GPA. Read it for free now:

Basic Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Basic Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The document is also one that makes the instructions that it gives very clear. One of the greatest advantages of this document is the fact that it provides instructions in simple language that can be understood and accessed by a large number of people. This is a testimony to the intent of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Another of the advantages of the document is the fact that it organizes the information that it gives in a cogent and coherent manner. This can be seen in the framework that the booklet follows when making the content clear. Apart from this, the booklet also provides telephone numbers that can help solve the doubts that anybody may have regarding the use and disposal of the substance in question. This framework is used for very substance and is easy to read. It also provides all the information that a person would require for the purpose of dealing with the substance in question. There is however, a glitch in this booklet and the way in which it is written. The most easily accessible version (the one that is found online), is one that does not have any color to it, in the metaphoric sense. This is to say that while the elements are arranged cogently, the rest of the visual elements are not arranged in an exciting manner and is thus not eye-catching. However, in defense of the document, one may say that the process of prevention of accidents due to hazardous materials that are a part of people’s everyday lives may not require the most glamorous packaging that one is able to find. The booklet makes situations clear to the reader and makes it a very handy guide for the disasters that are likely to strike a person in her or his daily life. The document is a very usable one. This owes a lot to the handy introduction and the table of contents. Both these features enable an understanding of the uses that the document can be put

Urban Legends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Urban Legends - Essay Example It also evaluates how our lives change throughout adulthood when these legends disappear. †¦Modern folklore believed to be true by the people who preach about them†¦ [An urban legend is] an incredible story that may be true or false but gets exaggerated by the people who tell the story. As the story grows older, the more unbelievable the story becomes...Urban legends are a way for people to try and explain the unexplainable. Every culture has their own urban legends that people create. The stories carry their own traditions as they are passed down to later generations (Smith, Smith and Bobbitt, 2008, p. 93). Urban legends originate for a number of reasons. They may have been propagated as an explanation for unexplainable phenomena, as a fun addition to festivities, as a consolation for tragic events, as a way of inculcating certain morals and values, or merely as a creative release. Whatever the reason be, the fact is that these are lies. In most cases, those who propagate these stories know them for false. The questions that emerge here are – is it ethical to spread stories that we ourselves know are false? Is it right to lie to small children about the existence of characters such as Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy? Is it valid to justify those lies by believing that they serve a fun or moral purpose? These questions continue to be a matter of debate. In early childhood, we live a magical time. We grow up listening to fairy tales, tales of dragons and brave princes. Our festivities, especially Christmas time, are immersed with hoards of expectations from Santa Claus and fun with the Easter Bunny. We grow up idolizing the characters we hear stories of. As children, we do good and avoid bad because we know Santa Claus will get us what we want. Gifts appearing miraculously under the Christmas tree, stockings left overnight filled with candy from Santa,

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis INTROUCTION The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited, was established as wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. The foundation of bank was laid down under an Act of Parliament, in July 1964. The main aim behind the setting up of IDBI was to provide credit and other facilities for the Indian industry, which was still in the initial stages of growth and development. In February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to Government of India. After the transfer of its ownership, IDBI became the main institution, through which the institutes engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry were to be coordinated. In January 1992, IDBI accessed domestic retail debt market for the first time, with innovative Deep Discount Bonds, and registered path-breaking success. The following year, it set up the IDBI Capital Market Services Ltd., as its wholly-owned subsidiary, to offer a broad range of financial services, including Bond Trading, Equity Broking, Client Asset Management and Depository Services. In September 1994, in response to RBIs policy of opening up domestic banking sector to private participation, IDBI set up IDBI Bank Ltd., in association with SIDBI. In July 1995, public issue of the bank was taken out, after which the Governments shareholding came down (though it still retains majority of the shareholding in the bank). In September 2003, IDBI took over Tata Home Finance Ltd, renamed ‘IDBI Home finance Limited, thus diversifying its business domain and entering the arena of retail finance sector. The year 2005 witnessed the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. The new entity continued to its development finance role, while providing an array of wholesale and retail banking products (and does so till date). The following year, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank (which, at that time, had 230 branches spread over 47 districts, in 9 states). In the financial year of 2008, IDBI Bank had a net income of Rs 9415.9 crores and total assets of Rs 120,601 crores. The Present Today, IDBI Bank is counted amongst the leading public sector banks of India, apart from claiming the distinction of being the 4th largest bank, in overall ratings. It is presently regarded as the tenth largest development bank in the world, mainly in terms of reach. This is because of its wide network of 688 branches, 1139 ATMs and 457 centers. Apart from being involved in banking services, IDBI has set up institutions like The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL) and the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Products Services Personal Banking Deposits Loans Payments Tax Payments, Stamp Duty Payments, Easy Fill, Bill Payment, Card to Card Money Transfer, PayMate, Online Payments Mutual Fund Demat Account IPO Insurance FamilyCare, Weathsurance Cards Debit Card, Credit Card, Cash Card, Gift Card, International Debit-cum-ATM Card, World Currency Card Institutional Banking Lockers India Post NRI Services Phone Banking SMS Banking Account Alerts Internet Banking Corporate Banking Project Finance Infrastructure Finance Syndication, Underwriting Advisory Services Carbon Credits Business Working Capital Cash Management Services Trade Finance Tax Payments Derivatives Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) Film Financing Scheme Direct Discounting Bills Rehabilitation Finance Others SME Finance Agri-business Products Main Functions of IDBI- IDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial units IDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for both the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial units IDBI works for the advancement of technology and other welfare schemes to ensure economic development. Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programs. IDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI Act. IDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating units. IDBIs role as a catalyst IDBIs role as a catalyst to industrial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of size of operations and portfolio. Developmental Activities of IDBI Promotional activities In fulfillment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common Quality Testing Centres for small industries. Technical Consultancy Organizations With a view to making available at a reasonable cost, consultancy and advisory services to entrepreneurs, particularly to new and small entrepreneurs, IDBI, in collaboration with other All-India Financial Institutions, has set up a network of Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs) covering the entire country. TCOs offer diversified services to small and medium enterprises in the selection, formulation and appraisal of projects, their implementation and review. Entrepreneurship Development Institute Realising that entrepreneurship development is the key to industrial development, IDBI played a prime role in setting up of the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India for fostering entrepreneurship in the country. It has also established similar institutes in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. IDBI also extends financial support to various organisations in conducting studies or surveys of relevance to industrial development. IDBI Lending Process, Institutional Structure, Training, Information and Data Needs IDBI was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament for providing credit and other facilities for the development of industry. It also acts as the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in the finance, promotion, or development of industry. The Government of Indias shareholding in IDBI amounts to 72% and the rest of the shares are owned by the general public. IDBI has also offered specialised schemes for energy conservation viz. Equipment Finance for Energy Conservation and Energy Audit Subsidy Scheme. Presently, IDBI provides rupee and foreign currency term loans for the acquisition and installation of energy conservation equipment, and for pollution control and prevention projects in highly polluting industrial sectors, funded inter alia, out of World Banks Industrial Pollution Prevention Project (IPPP) or the US Agency for International Development-funded Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention (GEP) Project. Besides, finance is made available for EE/EM out of the on-going Industrial Energy Efficiency Project of the ADB of which the TA forms a part. Under this project, finance is given to industrial units in rupee as well as in foreign currency. Additional funding needs left unmet by the ADB funds are supplemented by IDBIs own funds as well. 3.1 IDBI Institutional Structure IDBI is governed by a Board of Directors and its operation is carried out under the supervision of the Chairman and Managing Director assisted by four Executive Directors and one Adviser. With its head office in Mumbai, IDBI has 43 additional offices throughout India. As of November 1998, IDBI was structured into 33 departments, which are organized into five groups to facilitate proper distribution of responsibility. Among these departments, the ones relevant to the efficient lending for ee/em activities are briefly described below. 3.1.1 Project appraisal department The Project Appraisal Department (PAD) appraises all the industrial project proposals. PAD projects constitute the majority of projects sanctioned by IDBI in terms of value. Besides a number of smaller projects are funded at the branch level. 3.1.2 Corporate finance departments The three Corporate Finance Departments (CFDs) follow up on the projects that have already been sanctioned, in order to ensure their timely implementation and proper utilization of funds. In addition, a new concept of a Relationship Manager was instituted within the CFDs. These managers will be dedicated to manage IDBIs interactions with a major industrial (ownership) group, such as Reliance Industries, the Tata Group, etc. While the relationship manager system works well from the perspective of consolidating knowledge about an industry group, it may not work as well where the focus has to be on an aspect of technology within an industry sector. For example, a relationship manager cannot be expected to be an expert on energy efficiency in every industry sector that forms a part of the industry group being dealt with by him/her. Hence, in order to develop some expertise in some of the industries, which are not necessarily dominated only by a few major industry groups, industry-sector-wise approach is also adopted. Thus the organization of a CFD is a workable mix of industry group and industry sub-sector, with the expertise of one Dealing group drawn upon by another. 3.1.3 Forex services and treasury departments: The Treasury and Funding Division contracts, decides on utilization and monitors all lines of credit from multi-lateral institutions like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It manages the various specialized loans and grants for energy and environmental technology projects, including this TA project. Organizational Structure IDBIs organization structure is driven by its business objectives of offering the best services to the major industry groups. At the same time it is so organised to have industry specialists in important industrial sub-sectors as well. The organisational structure is geared to provide the best products and services in the present competitive environment while simultaneously attempting to meet its developmental role governed by â€Å"issue-based† lending. Following financial sector liberalisation, the environment has turned highly competitive compelling IDBI to organise itself in a manner to prioritise the objective of offering the best services to the major industry groups over focus exclusively for energy efficiency and environmental activities. There is a need to create a â€Å"home or center† for energy and environmental technical activities. This center needs to be located at the highest level within IDBI in order to ensure visibility, and to provide a resource base, which could be accessed by all the concerned departments described above. IEEP and other such lines of credit are being managed by the FSD, which is not directly engaged in either project appraisal or in implementation. Hence its role is one of being a facilitator and co-ordinator for giving the needed focus to the ee/em activities. It is quite possible for this Section to be upgraded to be the â€Å"home† suggested above with appropriate technical staff for policy making, facilitation of the lines of credit, developmental activities, etc. in ee/em issues. This will help clarify the varied roles of CFD and FSD and avoid duplication of effort, better coordination and communication between the FSD and the CFD. A system of built-in incentives for co-operation and co-ordination between the concerned departments will also aid the organisation in playing a more effective role in ee/em activities  relating to policy formulation, loan approvals and subsequent disbursement. 3.3 IDBI Lending Procedure The current procedure for lending at IDBI includes: (1) an inquiry stage, (2) an application stage, (3) site visits, (4) preparation of an appraisal note, (5) an evaluation by IDBI committee, (6) the issuance of a Letter of Intent, and (7) preparation of a legal agreement for lending for suitable projects. IDBI also operates special credit lines for the mitigation of pollution, implementation of the Montreal Protocol commitments, modernization and expansion of energy intensive industry, etc. The technical norms for these lines were determined individually, but the lending procedure is the same as that for other IDBI projects. The lending procedure followed by IDBI is comprehensive, based on accepted methods of evaluation and collective wisdom, and is transparent. The procedure, however, does not provide for a serious attempt to evaluate the energy and environmental components of any lending proposal. At each stage of the application for a loan, a company is required to provide information on energy consumption, along with that of other utility services. Energy consumption information is disaggregated into fuels and electricity categories. The company is not required to provide indicators of energy use to IDBI, which makes the information difficult to evaluate. Indicators could link the energy (fuel and electricity) consumption to physical activity levels and permit comparison with best practice in India and abroad. IDBI could also ask for additional information on technical indicators in the loan application that industries are required to complete. Conclusions and Recommendations Our evaluation of IDBIs institutional structure, lending procedures, and training and information needs revealed that there is a clear need for greater focus towards ee/em activities, by strengthening the existing institutional structure and capability in this area. This strengthening can be accomplished through the creation and establishment of a â€Å"resource center† that will provide the necessary technical backup for IDBI officers at all levels. The center resources will include access to technical experts, handbooks, and databases. The technical experts will assist in the organization of seminars, workshops, and training programs. Role of Financial Institutions in industrial development To accelerate the process of industrialization, immediately after independence, Government of India took appropriate steps to create a network of financial institutions to fill the gaps in the supply of long-term finance to industry. IFCI was the first institution which was set-up in 1948 followed by SFCs established by different States/Union Territories under the SFCs Act.1951. The NIDC (1954), ICICI (1955), NSIC (1955), and RCI (1958) were established. IDBI was established in 1964 as the apex institution in the field of industrial finance. UTI was also established in the same year. LIC came into existence in 1956 and GIC in 1972. SIDCs/SIICs strengthened institutional set-up at regional level. IRCI was set-up in 1971 which was later renamed as IRBI. Reserve Bank has played an important role in creation of all these institutions. Thus, structure of financial institutions in India has become so greatly diversified  and strengthened that it has the ability to supply finance to a variety of enterprises in diverse forms. In this , an attempt has been made to analyze the role of specialized financial institutions in meeting the term-requirements of our growing industrial sector. For this purpose, an effort has been made to ascertain the extent and rapidity of financial assistance granted by financial institutions to industrial sector in general and private sector in particular. Apart from analyzing purpose wise, industry wise and state wise assistance granted by financial institutions, special attention has been given to evaluate their role in removal of regional imbalances through provision of finance to projects located in identified backward areas of the country. In order to make an in depth study, three financial institutions of diverse nature namely, IDBI, ICICI and SFCs have been chosen which together provided about two-third of the total financial requirements of the industrial sector. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI has increased at an annual average growth rate of 32.3 per cent and 27.7 per cent respectively, which were higher than the growth rate of sanctions and disbursements of all financial institutions. IDBI has granted 37.4 per cent of its total assistance by way of direct assistance and remaining 62.6 per cent indirectly through other financial institutions. Loans were major form of direct assistance with 88.7 per cent share, while refinance of industrial loans with 59.5 per cent share was the major form of indirect assistance. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of IDBIs assistance followed by public, joint and cooperative sectors. IDBI has taken keen interest in granting finances to small scale sector which received 30 per cent of the total assistance sanctioned by IDBI. More than half of its assistance has gone to basic and capital goods industries while consumer goods and services have got a little more than one-third of total assistance of IDBI. It has paid equal attention to new and existing projects in its financing operations. Though IDBIs assistance is spread over all State and Union Territories, but its substantial proportion is concentrated among few relatively developed and large states. Similarly, a major part of its total assistance granted to projects located in identified backward areas, which formed about two-fifth of its total assistance, has gone to few developed and large states. In chapter five, the contribution of ICICI in meeting the financial requirements of the industrial sector has been analysed. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned by ICICI increased at a rate of 26.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased 23.1 per cent. In accordance with its objective, ICICI has sanctioned 35.7 per cent of its total assistance in the form of foreign currency assistance. Rupee loans constituted 37.5 per cent of total assistance sanctioned by ICICI. More than four-fifth of its total assistance has gone to private sector. ICICI has granted greater part of its assistance (61.7 per cent) to existing projects for their expansion, modernisation, etc. while new projects accounted for 38.3 per cent of total assistance. More than  two-third of ICICIs assistance has gone to non-traditional growth oriented industries like chemicals and chemical products, Iron and Steel, Machinery, etc. Assistance of ICICI is basically concentrated among few relatively developed state s despite some reduction during eighties. Over the years, ICICI has been granting an increasing proportion of its total assistance to backward areas of the country, but its major part has gone to backward areas of few developed  states. Household sector has contributed an increasing share in the total financial resources of ICICI, while governments share has declined. SFCs which are state level development banks set-up for financing small and medium scale industries in their respective states. Till about 1970, operations of all SFCs grew at a slow pace but during seventies there was rapid growth in their operations and the pace has been sustained during eighties also. During 1970-90 sanctions of SFCs increased at a rate of 20.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased by a marginally higher rate of 21.2 per cent. Performance of different SFCs has varied from one another and from year to year. In accordance with their basic objective, 76.1 per cent of total assistance sanctioned and 91.4 per cent of the total number of units assisted by SFCs were in the small scale sector. Services have been the largest beneficiary of SFCs assistance followed by chemicals and chemical products, food products, textiles, etc. SFCs have, by and large, confined their assistance to new projects which accounted 84.4 per cent of total assistance. SFCs have granted more than half of their assistance to projects located in identified backward areas of their respective states. An important feature is that SFCs of relatively backward states have performed better in this regard than that of developed states. However, SFCs depend heavily on government sources for their financial requirements. The aggregative role of all financial institutions in the industrial development of the country. It clearly reveals that industrial concerns in India depend more on financial institutions to finance their ventures than raising funds directly from the capital market. Conclusions of this study have been given in the last chapter. Major findings of this study are summarised below: During the last twenty years assistance granted by financial institutions has increased at a significantly high rate leading industrial concerns to depend more and more on them. In terms of growth rate of sanctions, IDBI and ICICI have outstripped the average growth rate of sanctions of all financial institutions, but SFCs have fallen behind this trend. The gap between assistance sanctioned and disbursed is more pronounced in case of IDBI and ICICI but it is relatively narrower in case of SFCs. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of assistance of financial institutions followed by public sector. Proportion of investment-savings gap filled up by financial institutions has increased in private and public sector both during eighties. Financial institutions have provided assistance to new as well as existing projects. However, SFCs have confined their financing operations basically to new projects. IDBI and ICICI have granted major part of their assistance to basic and capital goods industries but SFCs have paid greater attention on consumer goods industries. Statewise break-up of assistance provided by financial institutions reveals considerable concentration among few developed and large states despite some reduction during eighties. North-Eastern states have been almost completely neglected by all financial institutions. A significant part of the total assistance granted by financial institutions has gone to projects located in identified backward areas of the country, but its statewise distribution has helped to reduce intra-state disparities in industrial development and increased inter-state disparities between developed and backward states. Finally, IDBI and ICICI have generated a significant part of their resources from the household sector but SFCs are largely dependent upon the government sources. Role of Financial Institutions in Foreign Investment in India Financial Institutions plays a significant role in Foreign Investment in India. There are various financial institutions in India which undertake significant initiatives to ensure foreign investment inflows in the industrial units in India. The main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms: Foreign direct Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies. Foreign direct investments inflows are approved through automatic route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are guided by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institutions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank. RBI in Foreign Investment- RBI works through automatic route and government route in allocating funds in various sectors of the Indian industry. Its mandatory for all the foreign investors to get approvals from RBI in order to carry out invest activities in the industrial units in India. FDI is allotted up to 100 percent under automatic route and it does not require approval from FIPB. IDBI in Foreign Investment- IDBI acts as a financial institution which allots financial assistance to the industrial sectors which are mainly involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976 after which it was disconnected from RBI. ICICI Limited in Foreign Investment- ICICI Limited was set up in the year 1994 and ICICI Bank is a entirely owned subsidiary of ICICI Limited. ICICI Limited is known as one the best financial institutions in India as it offers a wide spectrum of services to its customers. ICICI bank offers a wide array of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through various delivery channels, specialized subsidiaries and affiliated firms, venture capital units, non-life insurance sectors, and so on. EXIM Bank in Foreign Investment- EXIM Bank plays a pivotal role in providing financial assistance to encourage the export production in India. Direct financial assistance, Foreign investment finance, Term loaning options for export production and export development, Pre-shipping credit, Export bills rediscounting, and Refinance to commercial banks are some of the services that EXIM Bank has specialized in. Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment The role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976. It was then disconnected from RBI and was made an autonomous corporation owned by the Government of India. IDBI is known to be the tenth largest bank in the world in terms of carrying out developmental activities. Some of the financial institutions set up by IDBI to carry out the activities are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), and Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment It manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bank Provides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developments It also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutions It provides funding to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors It also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will exceed Rs. 30 million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/Commercial Banks etc OBJECTIVES OF IDBI IDBI is the apex institution in the area of long term industrial finance. It was established under the IDBI Act 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and started functioning on July 01, 1964. Under Public Financial Institutions Laws (Amendment) Act 1976, it was delinked from RBI. IDBI is engaged in direct financing of the industrial activities as well as in re-finance and re-discounting of bills against finance made available by commercial banks under their various schemes. The objectives of this institution are to create a principal institution for long term finance, to coordinate the institutions working in this field for planned development of industrial sector, to provide technical and administrative support to the industries and to conduct research and development activities for the benefit of industrial sector. It raises funds by way of market borrowing by way of bonds and deposits, borrowing from Govt. and RBI, borrowing abroad in foreign currency and lines of credit. Its functions include: direct loans (rupee as well as foreign currency) to industrial undertakings as defined in the Act to finance their new projects, expansion, modernisation etc. soft loans for various purposes including modernisation and under equipment finance scheme underwriting and direct subscription to shares/debentures of the industrial companies. sanction of foreign currency loans for import of equipment or capital goods. short term working capital loans to the corporates for meeting their working capital requirements. refinance to banks and other institutions against loans granted by them. Of late, with the reforms in the financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to re-shape its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. It has floated its own bank IDBI Bank as also a Mutual Fund. During the financial year 1999-2000 IDBIs total sanctions were Rs.28308 cr (19.2% increase), the total assets were Rs.72169 cr, net worth at Rs.9025 cr, capital adequacy ratio of 14.5%, DER 6.8:1 and PBT Rs.1027 cr (1301 cr previous years). To meet emerging challanges, it has been introducing new products, setting up Mergers Acquistions Divn, increasing fee based business such as corporate advisory services, credit syndication, debenture-trushtee ship etc., setting up of IT sector subsidiary-IDBI Intech Ltd, venture capital fund, joint ventures and transfer of not less than 51% of IDBIs share capital in SIDBI to PSBs as a result of SIDBI (Amendment) Act 2000 effective from 27.03.2000. IDBI scouting for buyouts, two banks on radar After acquiring United Western Bank three years ago, IDBI Bank is at it once again and has identified two domestic lenders as possible targets. Disclosing this, the public sector banks Chairman and Managing Director Yogesh Agarwal told reporters here today that talks were on with the two banks. He did not divulge the identities of the two banks. IDBIs move is in line with the central governments thinking favoring a consolidation in the Indian banking sector. IDBI does not need to raise funds for the acquisitions but may look at capital raising to finance its business growth. The bank has dropped its earlier plan to sell its Pune-based home loan subsidiary, IDBI Home Finance (IHFL). Review of Progress (Operations) IDBI has given special attention to better regional development and innovational and promotional activities. It has conducted surveys of backward regions. It has given special help to backward Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis INTROUCTION The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited, was established as wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. The foundation of bank was laid down under an Act of Parliament, in July 1964. The main aim behind the setting up of IDBI was to provide credit and other facilities for the Indian industry, which was still in the initial stages of growth and development. In February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to Government of India. After the transfer of its ownership, IDBI became the main institution, through which the institutes engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry were to be coordinated. In January 1992, IDBI accessed domestic retail debt market for the first time, with innovative Deep Discount Bonds, and registered path-breaking success. The following year, it set up the IDBI Capital Market Services Ltd., as its wholly-owned subsidiary, to offer a broad range of financial services, including Bond Trading, Equity Broking, Client Asset Management and Depository Services. In September 1994, in response to RBIs policy of opening up domestic banking sector to private participation, IDBI set up IDBI Bank Ltd., in association with SIDBI. In July 1995, public issue of the bank was taken out, after which the Governments shareholding came down (though it still retains majority of the shareholding in the bank). In September 2003, IDBI took over Tata Home Finance Ltd, renamed ‘IDBI Home finance Limited, thus diversifying its business domain and entering the arena of retail finance sector. The year 2005 witnessed the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. The new entity continued to its development finance role, while providing an array of wholesale and retail banking products (and does so till date). The following year, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank (which, at that time, had 230 branches spread over 47 districts, in 9 states). In the financial year of 2008, IDBI Bank had a net income of Rs 9415.9 crores and total assets of Rs 120,601 crores. The Present Today, IDBI Bank is counted amongst the leading public sector banks of India, apart from claiming the distinction of being the 4th largest bank, in overall ratings. It is presently regarded as the tenth largest development bank in the world, mainly in terms of reach. This is because of its wide network of 688 branches, 1139 ATMs and 457 centers. Apart from being involved in banking services, IDBI has set up institutions like The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL) and the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Products Services Personal Banking Deposits Loans Payments Tax Payments, Stamp Duty Payments, Easy Fill, Bill Payment, Card to Card Money Transfer, PayMate, Online Payments Mutual Fund Demat Account IPO Insurance FamilyCare, Weathsurance Cards Debit Card, Credit Card, Cash Card, Gift Card, International Debit-cum-ATM Card, World Currency Card Institutional Banking Lockers India Post NRI Services Phone Banking SMS Banking Account Alerts Internet Banking Corporate Banking Project Finance Infrastructure Finance Syndication, Underwriting Advisory Services Carbon Credits Business Working Capital Cash Management Services Trade Finance Tax Payments Derivatives Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) Film Financing Scheme Direct Discounting Bills Rehabilitation Finance Others SME Finance Agri-business Products Main Functions of IDBI- IDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial units IDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for both the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial units IDBI works for the advancement of technology and other welfare schemes to ensure economic development. Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programs. IDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI Act. IDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating units. IDBIs role as a catalyst IDBIs role as a catalyst to industrial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of size of operations and portfolio. Developmental Activities of IDBI Promotional activities In fulfillment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common Quality Testing Centres for small industries. Technical Consultancy Organizations With a view to making available at a reasonable cost, consultancy and advisory services to entrepreneurs, particularly to new and small entrepreneurs, IDBI, in collaboration with other All-India Financial Institutions, has set up a network of Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs) covering the entire country. TCOs offer diversified services to small and medium enterprises in the selection, formulation and appraisal of projects, their implementation and review. Entrepreneurship Development Institute Realising that entrepreneurship development is the key to industrial development, IDBI played a prime role in setting up of the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India for fostering entrepreneurship in the country. It has also established similar institutes in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. IDBI also extends financial support to various organisations in conducting studies or surveys of relevance to industrial development. IDBI Lending Process, Institutional Structure, Training, Information and Data Needs IDBI was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament for providing credit and other facilities for the development of industry. It also acts as the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in the finance, promotion, or development of industry. The Government of Indias shareholding in IDBI amounts to 72% and the rest of the shares are owned by the general public. IDBI has also offered specialised schemes for energy conservation viz. Equipment Finance for Energy Conservation and Energy Audit Subsidy Scheme. Presently, IDBI provides rupee and foreign currency term loans for the acquisition and installation of energy conservation equipment, and for pollution control and prevention projects in highly polluting industrial sectors, funded inter alia, out of World Banks Industrial Pollution Prevention Project (IPPP) or the US Agency for International Development-funded Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention (GEP) Project. Besides, finance is made available for EE/EM out of the on-going Industrial Energy Efficiency Project of the ADB of which the TA forms a part. Under this project, finance is given to industrial units in rupee as well as in foreign currency. Additional funding needs left unmet by the ADB funds are supplemented by IDBIs own funds as well. 3.1 IDBI Institutional Structure IDBI is governed by a Board of Directors and its operation is carried out under the supervision of the Chairman and Managing Director assisted by four Executive Directors and one Adviser. With its head office in Mumbai, IDBI has 43 additional offices throughout India. As of November 1998, IDBI was structured into 33 departments, which are organized into five groups to facilitate proper distribution of responsibility. Among these departments, the ones relevant to the efficient lending for ee/em activities are briefly described below. 3.1.1 Project appraisal department The Project Appraisal Department (PAD) appraises all the industrial project proposals. PAD projects constitute the majority of projects sanctioned by IDBI in terms of value. Besides a number of smaller projects are funded at the branch level. 3.1.2 Corporate finance departments The three Corporate Finance Departments (CFDs) follow up on the projects that have already been sanctioned, in order to ensure their timely implementation and proper utilization of funds. In addition, a new concept of a Relationship Manager was instituted within the CFDs. These managers will be dedicated to manage IDBIs interactions with a major industrial (ownership) group, such as Reliance Industries, the Tata Group, etc. While the relationship manager system works well from the perspective of consolidating knowledge about an industry group, it may not work as well where the focus has to be on an aspect of technology within an industry sector. For example, a relationship manager cannot be expected to be an expert on energy efficiency in every industry sector that forms a part of the industry group being dealt with by him/her. Hence, in order to develop some expertise in some of the industries, which are not necessarily dominated only by a few major industry groups, industry-sector-wise approach is also adopted. Thus the organization of a CFD is a workable mix of industry group and industry sub-sector, with the expertise of one Dealing group drawn upon by another. 3.1.3 Forex services and treasury departments: The Treasury and Funding Division contracts, decides on utilization and monitors all lines of credit from multi-lateral institutions like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It manages the various specialized loans and grants for energy and environmental technology projects, including this TA project. Organizational Structure IDBIs organization structure is driven by its business objectives of offering the best services to the major industry groups. At the same time it is so organised to have industry specialists in important industrial sub-sectors as well. The organisational structure is geared to provide the best products and services in the present competitive environment while simultaneously attempting to meet its developmental role governed by â€Å"issue-based† lending. Following financial sector liberalisation, the environment has turned highly competitive compelling IDBI to organise itself in a manner to prioritise the objective of offering the best services to the major industry groups over focus exclusively for energy efficiency and environmental activities. There is a need to create a â€Å"home or center† for energy and environmental technical activities. This center needs to be located at the highest level within IDBI in order to ensure visibility, and to provide a resource base, which could be accessed by all the concerned departments described above. IEEP and other such lines of credit are being managed by the FSD, which is not directly engaged in either project appraisal or in implementation. Hence its role is one of being a facilitator and co-ordinator for giving the needed focus to the ee/em activities. It is quite possible for this Section to be upgraded to be the â€Å"home† suggested above with appropriate technical staff for policy making, facilitation of the lines of credit, developmental activities, etc. in ee/em issues. This will help clarify the varied roles of CFD and FSD and avoid duplication of effort, better coordination and communication between the FSD and the CFD. A system of built-in incentives for co-operation and co-ordination between the concerned departments will also aid the organisation in playing a more effective role in ee/em activities  relating to policy formulation, loan approvals and subsequent disbursement. 3.3 IDBI Lending Procedure The current procedure for lending at IDBI includes: (1) an inquiry stage, (2) an application stage, (3) site visits, (4) preparation of an appraisal note, (5) an evaluation by IDBI committee, (6) the issuance of a Letter of Intent, and (7) preparation of a legal agreement for lending for suitable projects. IDBI also operates special credit lines for the mitigation of pollution, implementation of the Montreal Protocol commitments, modernization and expansion of energy intensive industry, etc. The technical norms for these lines were determined individually, but the lending procedure is the same as that for other IDBI projects. The lending procedure followed by IDBI is comprehensive, based on accepted methods of evaluation and collective wisdom, and is transparent. The procedure, however, does not provide for a serious attempt to evaluate the energy and environmental components of any lending proposal. At each stage of the application for a loan, a company is required to provide information on energy consumption, along with that of other utility services. Energy consumption information is disaggregated into fuels and electricity categories. The company is not required to provide indicators of energy use to IDBI, which makes the information difficult to evaluate. Indicators could link the energy (fuel and electricity) consumption to physical activity levels and permit comparison with best practice in India and abroad. IDBI could also ask for additional information on technical indicators in the loan application that industries are required to complete. Conclusions and Recommendations Our evaluation of IDBIs institutional structure, lending procedures, and training and information needs revealed that there is a clear need for greater focus towards ee/em activities, by strengthening the existing institutional structure and capability in this area. This strengthening can be accomplished through the creation and establishment of a â€Å"resource center† that will provide the necessary technical backup for IDBI officers at all levels. The center resources will include access to technical experts, handbooks, and databases. The technical experts will assist in the organization of seminars, workshops, and training programs. Role of Financial Institutions in industrial development To accelerate the process of industrialization, immediately after independence, Government of India took appropriate steps to create a network of financial institutions to fill the gaps in the supply of long-term finance to industry. IFCI was the first institution which was set-up in 1948 followed by SFCs established by different States/Union Territories under the SFCs Act.1951. The NIDC (1954), ICICI (1955), NSIC (1955), and RCI (1958) were established. IDBI was established in 1964 as the apex institution in the field of industrial finance. UTI was also established in the same year. LIC came into existence in 1956 and GIC in 1972. SIDCs/SIICs strengthened institutional set-up at regional level. IRCI was set-up in 1971 which was later renamed as IRBI. Reserve Bank has played an important role in creation of all these institutions. Thus, structure of financial institutions in India has become so greatly diversified  and strengthened that it has the ability to supply finance to a variety of enterprises in diverse forms. In this , an attempt has been made to analyze the role of specialized financial institutions in meeting the term-requirements of our growing industrial sector. For this purpose, an effort has been made to ascertain the extent and rapidity of financial assistance granted by financial institutions to industrial sector in general and private sector in particular. Apart from analyzing purpose wise, industry wise and state wise assistance granted by financial institutions, special attention has been given to evaluate their role in removal of regional imbalances through provision of finance to projects located in identified backward areas of the country. In order to make an in depth study, three financial institutions of diverse nature namely, IDBI, ICICI and SFCs have been chosen which together provided about two-third of the total financial requirements of the industrial sector. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI has increased at an annual average growth rate of 32.3 per cent and 27.7 per cent respectively, which were higher than the growth rate of sanctions and disbursements of all financial institutions. IDBI has granted 37.4 per cent of its total assistance by way of direct assistance and remaining 62.6 per cent indirectly through other financial institutions. Loans were major form of direct assistance with 88.7 per cent share, while refinance of industrial loans with 59.5 per cent share was the major form of indirect assistance. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of IDBIs assistance followed by public, joint and cooperative sectors. IDBI has taken keen interest in granting finances to small scale sector which received 30 per cent of the total assistance sanctioned by IDBI. More than half of its assistance has gone to basic and capital goods industries while consumer goods and services have got a little more than one-third of total assistance of IDBI. It has paid equal attention to new and existing projects in its financing operations. Though IDBIs assistance is spread over all State and Union Territories, but its substantial proportion is concentrated among few relatively developed and large states. Similarly, a major part of its total assistance granted to projects located in identified backward areas, which formed about two-fifth of its total assistance, has gone to few developed and large states. In chapter five, the contribution of ICICI in meeting the financial requirements of the industrial sector has been analysed. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned by ICICI increased at a rate of 26.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased 23.1 per cent. In accordance with its objective, ICICI has sanctioned 35.7 per cent of its total assistance in the form of foreign currency assistance. Rupee loans constituted 37.5 per cent of total assistance sanctioned by ICICI. More than four-fifth of its total assistance has gone to private sector. ICICI has granted greater part of its assistance (61.7 per cent) to existing projects for their expansion, modernisation, etc. while new projects accounted for 38.3 per cent of total assistance. More than  two-third of ICICIs assistance has gone to non-traditional growth oriented industries like chemicals and chemical products, Iron and Steel, Machinery, etc. Assistance of ICICI is basically concentrated among few relatively developed state s despite some reduction during eighties. Over the years, ICICI has been granting an increasing proportion of its total assistance to backward areas of the country, but its major part has gone to backward areas of few developed  states. Household sector has contributed an increasing share in the total financial resources of ICICI, while governments share has declined. SFCs which are state level development banks set-up for financing small and medium scale industries in their respective states. Till about 1970, operations of all SFCs grew at a slow pace but during seventies there was rapid growth in their operations and the pace has been sustained during eighties also. During 1970-90 sanctions of SFCs increased at a rate of 20.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased by a marginally higher rate of 21.2 per cent. Performance of different SFCs has varied from one another and from year to year. In accordance with their basic objective, 76.1 per cent of total assistance sanctioned and 91.4 per cent of the total number of units assisted by SFCs were in the small scale sector. Services have been the largest beneficiary of SFCs assistance followed by chemicals and chemical products, food products, textiles, etc. SFCs have, by and large, confined their assistance to new projects which accounted 84.4 per cent of total assistance. SFCs have granted more than half of their assistance to projects located in identified backward areas of their respective states. An important feature is that SFCs of relatively backward states have performed better in this regard than that of developed states. However, SFCs depend heavily on government sources for their financial requirements. The aggregative role of all financial institutions in the industrial development of the country. It clearly reveals that industrial concerns in India depend more on financial institutions to finance their ventures than raising funds directly from the capital market. Conclusions of this study have been given in the last chapter. Major findings of this study are summarised below: During the last twenty years assistance granted by financial institutions has increased at a significantly high rate leading industrial concerns to depend more and more on them. In terms of growth rate of sanctions, IDBI and ICICI have outstripped the average growth rate of sanctions of all financial institutions, but SFCs have fallen behind this trend. The gap between assistance sanctioned and disbursed is more pronounced in case of IDBI and ICICI but it is relatively narrower in case of SFCs. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of assistance of financial institutions followed by public sector. Proportion of investment-savings gap filled up by financial institutions has increased in private and public sector both during eighties. Financial institutions have provided assistance to new as well as existing projects. However, SFCs have confined their financing operations basically to new projects. IDBI and ICICI have granted major part of their assistance to basic and capital goods industries but SFCs have paid greater attention on consumer goods industries. Statewise break-up of assistance provided by financial institutions reveals considerable concentration among few developed and large states despite some reduction during eighties. North-Eastern states have been almost completely neglected by all financial institutions. A significant part of the total assistance granted by financial institutions has gone to projects located in identified backward areas of the country, but its statewise distribution has helped to reduce intra-state disparities in industrial development and increased inter-state disparities between developed and backward states. Finally, IDBI and ICICI have generated a significant part of their resources from the household sector but SFCs are largely dependent upon the government sources. Role of Financial Institutions in Foreign Investment in India Financial Institutions plays a significant role in Foreign Investment in India. There are various financial institutions in India which undertake significant initiatives to ensure foreign investment inflows in the industrial units in India. The main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms: Foreign direct Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies. Foreign direct investments inflows are approved through automatic route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are guided by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institutions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank. RBI in Foreign Investment- RBI works through automatic route and government route in allocating funds in various sectors of the Indian industry. Its mandatory for all the foreign investors to get approvals from RBI in order to carry out invest activities in the industrial units in India. FDI is allotted up to 100 percent under automatic route and it does not require approval from FIPB. IDBI in Foreign Investment- IDBI acts as a financial institution which allots financial assistance to the industrial sectors which are mainly involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976 after which it was disconnected from RBI. ICICI Limited in Foreign Investment- ICICI Limited was set up in the year 1994 and ICICI Bank is a entirely owned subsidiary of ICICI Limited. ICICI Limited is known as one the best financial institutions in India as it offers a wide spectrum of services to its customers. ICICI bank offers a wide array of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through various delivery channels, specialized subsidiaries and affiliated firms, venture capital units, non-life insurance sectors, and so on. EXIM Bank in Foreign Investment- EXIM Bank plays a pivotal role in providing financial assistance to encourage the export production in India. Direct financial assistance, Foreign investment finance, Term loaning options for export production and export development, Pre-shipping credit, Export bills rediscounting, and Refinance to commercial banks are some of the services that EXIM Bank has specialized in. Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment The role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976. It was then disconnected from RBI and was made an autonomous corporation owned by the Government of India. IDBI is known to be the tenth largest bank in the world in terms of carrying out developmental activities. Some of the financial institutions set up by IDBI to carry out the activities are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), and Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment It manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bank Provides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developments It also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutions It provides funding to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors It also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will exceed Rs. 30 million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/Commercial Banks etc OBJECTIVES OF IDBI IDBI is the apex institution in the area of long term industrial finance. It was established under the IDBI Act 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and started functioning on July 01, 1964. Under Public Financial Institutions Laws (Amendment) Act 1976, it was delinked from RBI. IDBI is engaged in direct financing of the industrial activities as well as in re-finance and re-discounting of bills against finance made available by commercial banks under their various schemes. The objectives of this institution are to create a principal institution for long term finance, to coordinate the institutions working in this field for planned development of industrial sector, to provide technical and administrative support to the industries and to conduct research and development activities for the benefit of industrial sector. It raises funds by way of market borrowing by way of bonds and deposits, borrowing from Govt. and RBI, borrowing abroad in foreign currency and lines of credit. Its functions include: direct loans (rupee as well as foreign currency) to industrial undertakings as defined in the Act to finance their new projects, expansion, modernisation etc. soft loans for various purposes including modernisation and under equipment finance scheme underwriting and direct subscription to shares/debentures of the industrial companies. sanction of foreign currency loans for import of equipment or capital goods. short term working capital loans to the corporates for meeting their working capital requirements. refinance to banks and other institutions against loans granted by them. Of late, with the reforms in the financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to re-shape its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. It has floated its own bank IDBI Bank as also a Mutual Fund. During the financial year 1999-2000 IDBIs total sanctions were Rs.28308 cr (19.2% increase), the total assets were Rs.72169 cr, net worth at Rs.9025 cr, capital adequacy ratio of 14.5%, DER 6.8:1 and PBT Rs.1027 cr (1301 cr previous years). To meet emerging challanges, it has been introducing new products, setting up Mergers Acquistions Divn, increasing fee based business such as corporate advisory services, credit syndication, debenture-trushtee ship etc., setting up of IT sector subsidiary-IDBI Intech Ltd, venture capital fund, joint ventures and transfer of not less than 51% of IDBIs share capital in SIDBI to PSBs as a result of SIDBI (Amendment) Act 2000 effective from 27.03.2000. IDBI scouting for buyouts, two banks on radar After acquiring United Western Bank three years ago, IDBI Bank is at it once again and has identified two domestic lenders as possible targets. Disclosing this, the public sector banks Chairman and Managing Director Yogesh Agarwal told reporters here today that talks were on with the two banks. He did not divulge the identities of the two banks. IDBIs move is in line with the central governments thinking favoring a consolidation in the Indian banking sector. IDBI does not need to raise funds for the acquisitions but may look at capital raising to finance its business growth. The bank has dropped its earlier plan to sell its Pune-based home loan subsidiary, IDBI Home Finance (IHFL). Review of Progress (Operations) IDBI has given special attention to better regional development and innovational and promotional activities. It has conducted surveys of backward regions. It has given special help to backward