Ap English Certainty vs/ Belief

Certainty Certainty is the belief in yourself that you can empower anything. Doubt is the fear of failure and is what the mass majority are overcome with. Certainty is the inner strength that everyone has, just not many want to express, that is why there are leaders and followers, strong and the weak, living and the dead. With inner strength your capabilities are limitless but when there is doubt, there is nothing. Doubt is one obstacle in a world filled with a plethora of them.Doubts are what control you from succeeding, they hold you back, tie you down , and strangle you from what you want , and just in the final seconds when your pulse lowers, your blood circulation is stopping , and you feel your hand trembling out of the fear, you grasp onto the only thing you have left , certainty. Certainty is your life support, it’s all you have left to live for, you cling onto and your ride through the storm on certainties back. It’s in that moment when you realize your life is ahead of you, and you’re certain of that. Doubt is your glutinous sin, and Satan is its master.You have to break free from its reins all that you’ve ever known and cling to certainty. With certainty you’re either in or you’re out. There is no equilibrium that you can find. Certainty is having 100% faith in something. It is the same as life, if you are certain with your life you are successful and can move mountains; doubt makes you weak and you are succumbed by the mountains. Leaders like this were Aristotle, a philosopher in physics, Benjamin Franklin, the inventor of electricity, and more modern leaders such as FDR, and JFK, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs. They saw the world through eyes of certainty.Certainty gave them the power to discover a new world. They took what others saw as impossible and made it possible. There was never a doubt in their mind that they wouldn’t conquer. Doubt overcomes many in the world today and it really is like an epidemic. Many doubt themselves before they try. This creates the 80% of the world and the 20%. The 80% are those consumed in doubts about their lives, but the 20% will conquer the world if they had the means. Certainty is the only inoculation for doubt. Take a little bit of certainty since there is much to go around and achieve what you never thought possible.

Science and People

In some countries young people have little leisure time and are under a lot of pressure to work hard in their studies. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Nowadays, there is a cut throat competition from the beginning when a kid starts going school to getting admission in college and then for a job in a multinational company. It arouses a lot of pressure on youths to work hard in thier studies and thus, they get little time for their leisure activities.Most importantly, the increasing competition shows the lack of school, colleges and other resources with respect to increasing population and other thing is our education system which focuses on working hard on studies and have no or very less significance of other activities like games. There are very few government seats in schools and colleges and to get selected for those seats among thousands of students is a big challenge. Therefore, to win this battle, students have to work hard and sacrifice their free time to studies.However, it is equally important ,as studies, to have some free time for relaxation, refreshment and other physical activities which helps them to grow mentally and physically fit. Secondly, the education system which mainly focuses on studies and has very less significance to other activities. No doubt that education is necessary but the way it is carried to students is equally important. It should be in innovative ways and receptive to new ideas so that students could enjoy while learning instead of taking it as a burden or feel pressurized for it.Thus, in such a way, if students are gaining knowledge while playing or via interesting experiments, the difference between leisure and studies time will go off. Additionally, parents and society are also responsible of this situation of youths today. Some parents show off and compare their children's grade w ith other in a society and to maintain the best status they exert pressure on their kids irrespective of their interests in studies. Youths are the only sufferer who put all their effort to accomplish their parents' dream and to live in society with pride.So the big question is where this situation is leading to and who are affected by this ? Of course, first of all, our young generation who are in this situation and sometimes, they are so burdened that they commit suicide with the fear of failing and in depression. Next, the country whose future depends upon its young generation and if it leads to a tough side then surely it is not going to progress. Furthermore, The solution lies in problems and definitely, we need to increase number of schools and colleges and provide free education to educate more and more people.At the same time we need to maintain the same standards in all the schools and colleges so that there will no differentiation among children from different institutes. Additionally, there is need to have some amendments in education system to make it interesting and experimental. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Nowadays students can choose what type of academics they want to learn.Some of them prefer to develop their knowledge in history and literature. However others want to study science and math rather than humanities. The issue what field of science is more important is a very controversial one. Personally, I think that both options have its advantages. From my point, each student has to learn history, literature as well as science and math on basic level. But they can advance in certain knowledge afterwards according to their own talents and preferences. In the following paragraphs I will mention reasons of my opinion. First of all, learning hi story and literature extend our awareness of umankind past and cultural development. Students have to know about their ancestors and their cultural achievements. Moreover, literature introduces them to moral and ethical examples of people behavior as far as a spiritual and humanistic progress. Classical literature masterpieces inspire us to think over main values of humankind. Second of all, our contemporary world develops due to the progress of science and math. There is no business that can work without calculation and analysis. That is why students should not avoid learning basic knowledge in science and math because it might be helpful in their future success in business.We cannot imagine the modern life without technologies which embrace all parts of our lives. It would be better to be aware of technological principles which are based on science and math. Thirdly, I think that students would like to develop their intellect and extend their knowledge because the contemporary pro gress needs intelligent people who are able to accomplish different kind of tasks at the same time and succeed in different social aims. People who have extended minds and high intelligence are more efficient in life and in business.They easy can find their knowledge application and adapt to changing society needs. In conclusion, I must point out that I disagree with the statement that history and literature are more important than science and mathematics. I believe that each of them bring benefits in our lives. Therefore each of those fields must be studied in schools because in our modern society we have to know about the humankind history and cultural achievements as well as the progress in science and mathematics. It is very clear now that English should be the primary foreign language taught in all schools around the world.Learning a different language before English is, in today’s world, a waste of time. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? English has become t he most significant language in the world. Due to this fact studying English as a foreign language dominates over the other languages which last time are considered to be useless in a modern life. I absolutely agree with this point of view. First of all, it is well-known, that the most respectable and popular higher educational establishments and business schools in the world held education process in English.That is mean if you are going to enter such university as Oxford, Cambridge or take MBI course you definitely should have an excellent English proficiency. This necessary condition is almost impossible if you studied another foreign language at school. Secondly, English is recognized as a language of business world. International trades, logistics and manufacturing require English-speaking specialists because all these fields exist and improve due to the international communications and experience. Such exchange of skills and knowledge is possible because there is the one commo n language which is understood in all countries.If you want to be involved into successful business process, to get well-paid job and to have opportunity to be appreciated and promoted you have to speak exactly English well. Thirdly, nowadays English is vital for travelling. Tourism industry is constantly growing and English-speaking personnel serves you not only in the biggest and top hotels, but also in small hotels which are situated at the edge of world. Moreover, many countries introduce the system of English names of streets, subway and bus stations and tourist attractions what makes easier for tourists to find right place during traveling.For these reasons mentioned above I think that studying English as a foreign language at school is substantial and obviously so children should not spend their time on learning other languages which is not so important. __________________ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study histor y and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Nowadays students can choose what type of academics they want to learn. Some of them prefer to develop their knowledge in history and literature.However others want to study science and math rather than humanities. The issue what field of science is more important is a very controversial one. Personally, I think that both options have its advantages. From my point, each student has to learn history, literature as well as science and math on basic level. But they can advance in certain knowledge afterwards according to their own talents and preferences. In the following paragraphs I will mention reasons of my opinion. First of all, learning history and literature extend our awareness of humankind past and cultural development.Students have to know about their ancestors and their cultural achievements. Moreover, literature introduces them to moral and ethic al examples of people behavior as far as a spiritual and humanistic progress. Classical literature masterpieces inspire us to think over main values of humankind. Second of all, our contemporary world develops due to the progress of science and math. There is no business that can work without calculation and analysis. That is why students should not avoid learning basic knowledge in science and math because it might be helpful in their future success in business.We cannot imagine the modern life without technologies which embrace all parts of our lives. It would be better to be aware of technological principles which are based on science and math. Thirdly, I think that students would like to develop their intellect and extend their knowledge because the contemporary progress needs intelligent people who are able to accomplish different kind of tasks at the same time and succeed in different social aims. People who have extended minds and high intelligence are more efficient in life and in business. They easy can find their knowledge application and adapt to changing society needs.In conclusion, I must point out that I disagree with the statement that history and literature are more important than science and mathematics. I believe that each of them bring benefits in our lives. Therefore each of those fields must be studied in schools because in our modern society we have to know about the humankind history and cultural achievements as well as the progress in science and mathematics. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.The priority of technical disciplines over humanitarians in the tertiary education has been widely discussed in the recent years. Reduction in number and variety of humanitarian classes offered by colleges and universities became the subject of great co ncern in modern society. Although according to late statistics more and more young people are choosing to get a degree in history or literature. It is hard to understate the importance of history and literature in the personal development. In contradistinction to natural science which is based solely on empirical approach history is purely analytical.Students learn to recognize crusial consequences of famous historical events and different regimes. Knowing the past helps to forsee the future. Literature, on the other hand, inspires imagination and creative thinking (e. g. Alice in Wonderland, Lord of the Rings) and raises moral dilemmas(e. g. Dead Souls, Fathers and Sons). However, mathematical and scientific discoveries made incredible technical progress of the last century possible. To this findings we owe the space rockets, television, computers, Internet, life expectancy doubling. The first web camera was invented in the science department of Cambridge University.Also I believe that conducting experiments for science assignment helps students to become observers, to see and understand the world around them deeper, in the same way that solving the equations helps to develop strong deduction and reasoning skills. Taking into account everything mentioned above I am inclined to believe that science and mathematics are important subjects to study, but history and literature are essential for young people’s moral development, because science discoveries and technological progress became dangerous without moral and impossible without creativity.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. The priority of technical disciplines over humanitarians in the tertiary education has been widely discussed in the recent years. Reduction in number and variety of humanitarian classes offered by colleges and universities became the subject of great concern in modern society. Although according to late statistics more and more young people are choosing to get a degree in history or literature.It is hard to understate the importance of history and literature in the personal development. In contradistinction to natural science which is based solely on empirical approach history is purely analytical. Students learn to recognize crusial consequences of famous historical events and different regimes. Knowing the past helps to forsee the future. Literature, on the other hand, inspires imagination and creative thinking (e. g. Alice in Wonderland, Lord of the Rings) and raises moral dilemmas(e. g. Dead Souls, Fathers and Sons).However, mathematical and scientific discoveries made incredible technical progress of the last century possible. To this findings we owe the space rockets, television, computers, Internet, life expectancy doubling. The first web camera was invente d in the science department of Cambridge University. Also I believe that conducting experiments for science assignment helps students to become observers, to see and understand the world around them deeper, in the same way that solving the equations helps to develop strong deduction and reasoning skills.Taking into account everything mentioned above I am inclined to believe that science and mathematics are important subjects to study, but history and literature are essential for young people’s moral development, because science discoveries and technological progress became dangerous without moral and impossible without creativity. Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think that this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. It is true that sports stars often earn huge salaries.While there are some good reasons why this is the case, I pers onally believe that is wrong for these people to be paid more than other professionals. On the one hand, there are several convincing arguments in favor of sportsmen being paid more than other skilled individuals. First, sport is a very time and effort-demanding occupation. As a rule, a regular sportsman spends about 10 hours a day to keep fit and around 14 hours before going to a competition, which significantly exceeds 8 hours a day – working standard established by the government in most countries.Second, there is a so called â€Å"age limit† in sport. While most best-paid international football and tennis players seem to be relatively young, there are few, if any, sport stars aged 35 and more. Taking the above said into account, it is very unlikely for a sport star to earn fabulous wages throughout his or her whole life. On the other hand, it could be argued that other skilled occupations require less time of efforts. For instance, chief executives or chief financi al officers rarely leave their workplace on time with most of their colleagues.Many of them stay up another few hours so that they can solve all pending questions, many of which require plenty of critical thinking and strategic planning. Furthermore, many people are inclined to believe that such skilled workers as doctors or lawyers make a greater contribution to the society rather than sportsmen do. A surgeon, saving his patient’s life or a barrister, presenting interests of his falsely accused defendant seem to be of greater importance to the state, hence this should be represented in the amount of money these skilled professionals receive.On the whole, there is undoubtedly a great difference in the amount of money earned by sportspeople and other professional workers. However, it is my firm conviction that salary rates should not depend on the area of your employment and sport professionals should gain the same amount of money, just like the other professionals. Improvemen ts in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations. However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer nations in such areas.Today’s world has been divided into developing and industrialised countrieswhich the main difference between them is the amount of money that governments apply in important sectors such as education, health and commerce. Most of the poorer nations are buried in debts as a result of their unbalanced finances which are reflect in a failed health care, an unstructured education system and a weak international trade. This vicious cycle will continue indefinitely unless wealthier nations show interest in minimizing the worldwide economic differences, as well as taking more responsibility for assisting unfortunate countries.Most of the African countries live in sub-human conditions because of the extreme poverty, upheaval, hunger, disease, unemployment, lack of education and bot h inexperienced and corrupt administrations. The devastating consequences of the AIDS epidemic in those countries could improve if the infected populations receive free drugs to control the disease, have access to health professionals and get information on how to prevent its spread. But this can only be achieved through international help programs in which leaders of the world? s richest countries donate medicine and also send doctors and nurses to treat and educate those in need.Moreover, most of the poor countries rely on selling agricultural products and raw material to rich nations and buying industrialized products from them resulting in a huge financial deficit. Consequently, they borrow a significant amount of money from the World Bank to try to improve their broken economies, but sometimes the money disappears with no significant changes and they cannot even pay the interest to the bank. Regarding this issue, last year the G8, which is comprised of leaders of the eight rich est nations, decided to forgive billions of dollars worth of debt owed by the world? poorest nations. In addition, they developed adequate loan programs to financially assist those countries. In conclusion, leaders of the industrialised countries play an indispensable role in assisting developing nations deal with essential areas such as health, education and trade. Also, their aid is the key to breaking the vicious cycle, which results in poverty and death. Topic 1: It has been claimed that workers over 50 are not responsive to rapidly changing ideas in the modern workplace and that for this reason younger workers are to be prefered.To what extent would or support or reject this idea? 250 words Done In contemporary society, advanced technology has led to achievements in most places, of course, headquarters is not excluded. Therefore, many people, including myself, have an opinion that laborers over fifty cannot adapt to changes in the modern places. First and foremost, most compani es require job candidates to have necessary skills such as: presentation, teamwork, computer and English skills. With older workers, there is a greater change that some of these skills have been forgotten since their trainning many decades ago.Consequently, the government or the companies have to pay a lot of money to re-train old staff. It can not be denied that recruiting young employees is a better choice. Moreover, the over-fifty-year-old workmen face physical problems that make it difficult to memorize new knowledge. For instance: in some modern high tech industries like computer programming, it is easier for younger people to learn a large amount of information. Secondly, the world has been facing a global economy crash. This leads to an increase unemployed workers, not only in developing nations but also in industrialized countries.For example, in England, the unemployment rate in June of this year was 7. 8%, double that of 2008 according the Labour force survey. Thus, the ol d workers should retire to create opportunities for younger people who are full of energy and ambition to icrease the benefit for their companies. In conclusion, using younger employees in modern places is better than relying on older workers. Essay 2: Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational, otherwise they are a completely waste of time. Do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answers and include any relevant examples from your experience. Done: Education has played an important role in our society. Many people think that leisure activities also have an educational purpose, others say that they are not necessary. From my point of view, I support the former not only because of psychology but also playing importance. The first reason why educational activities are important is the role they play in developing a child’s psychology. In the first stage of life, babies play with members in their family such as their siblings and par ents.The fact shows that if a child is satisfied with whatever he or she wants, as a consequence, he or she would be bad and has negative reactions unless not receiving what he or she wants in the future. Clearly, the more they grow, the more time they spend with their friends. This helps to form their personality, thus, as parents, teaching sons and daughters to know how to choose or make friends, to share something with others and to learn to cooperate is extremely important. Unless they have many difficulties to intergrate into society. Secondly, playing has an important role in the first stages of life.Thus, through this activity, teachers or parents could give children more motivation to learn and teach them . In fact, to help pupils memorise knowledge or attract them to lectures, teachers usually give games such as puzzles or through role games, pupils learn more how to show the emotion or feelings of historical characters. Similarly, at home, parents give legends for their ch ildren to teach principal values such as: honest, kind-hearted, humane and brave in the life as well as to develop their souls. In conclusion, for kids, leisure activities have to correspond to educational purposes to help them develop as much as possible.Essay 3: It has been claimed that workers over 50 are not responsive to rapidly changing ideas in the modern workplace and that for this reason younger workers are to be preffered. To what extent would or support or reject this idea? 250 words Done In contemporary society, advanced technology has led to achievements in most places, of course, headquarters is not excluded. Therefore, many people, including myself, have an opinion that laborers over fifty cannot adapt to changes in the modern places. First and foremost, most companies require job candidates to have necessary skills such as: presentation, teamwork, computer and English skills.With older workers, there is a greater change that some of these skills have been forgotten s ince their trainning many decades ago. Consequently, the government or the companies have to pay a lot of money to re-train old staff. It can not be denied that recruiting young employees is a better choice. Moreover, the over-fifty-year-old workmen face physical problems that make it difficult to memorize new knowledge. For instance: in some modern high tech industries like computer programming, it is easier for younger people to learn a large amount of information.Secondly, the world has been facing a global economy crash. This leads to an increase unemployed workers, not only in developing nations but also in industrialized countries. For example, in England, the unemployment rate in June of this year was 7. 8%, double that of 2008 according the Labour force survey. Thus, the old workers should retire to create opportunities for younger people who are full of energy and ambition to icrease the benefit for their companies. In conclusion, using younger employees in modern places is better than relying on older workers.Essay 4: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion †¢ You should write at least 250 words. †¢ You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Done In contemporary society, the individual freedom is paid to attention more and more. Thus, many people think that teens should be fee to give their decisions even milestone in their life. Others say that they are the responsibility of their parents or older relatives.From my point of view, I completely agree with the former. Noone can denied that children from 15 to 18 passed puberty with a number of physical changes as well as mental ones , for example, a deeper voice and lager adam’apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls. Similarly, they are mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain taks. For instance, they could drive a vehicle, having sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, completing certain levels of education, and marrying.In most countries, from adolescence or sooner, the children have criminal responsibility, for instance, from 7 in India to 18 in Belgium. After reaching the initial age, there may be levels of responsibility dictated by age and type of offense, and crimes committed by minors may be tried in a juvenile court, whereas, in preadolescence, it is responsibility of parents or legal guardians This also their legal working age, in the United Kingdom and Canada, from 14 to 16. Since, they could earn money as part-time or full-time if over 16 to raise themselves or to pay some of their basic needs such as: clothes, shoes and books.In conclusion, with certain activities that teenagers are accepted by the society. They certainl y have ability to decide all relating problems in their life. Topic 1: It has been claimed that workers over 50 are not responsive to rapidly changing ideas in the modern workplace and that for this reason younger workers are to be preferred. To what extent would or support or reject this idea? 250 words In contemporary society, advanced technology has led to achievements in most places, of course, headquarters is not excluded.Therefore, many people, including myself, (you may delete this) have an opinion that laborers over fifty cannot adapt to changes in the modern places. (rephrase it) First and foremost, most companies require job candidates to have necessary skills such as: presentation, teamwork, computer literacy and English skills. With older workers, there is (is-singular; are – plural) a greater change that some of these skills have been forgotten since their training many decades ago. Consequently, the government or the companies have to pay a lot of money to re-tr ain old staff. It can not be denied that recruiting young employees is a better choice.Moreover, the over-fifty-year-old workmen face physical problems that make it difficult to memorize (remember) new knowledge. For instance, in some modern high tech industries like computer programming, it is easier for younger people to learn a large amount of information. (Please don’t replace comma with a colon) Secondly, the world has been facing a global economic crash. This leads to an increase unemployed workers (increasing number of unemployed workers), not only in developing nations but also in industrialized countries. For example, in England, the unemployment rate in June of this year was 7. %, double that of 2008 according the Labour force survey. Thus, the old workers should retire to create opportunities for younger people who are full of energy and ambition to increase the benefit for their companies. (expound) In conclusion, using younger employees in modern places is better than relying on older workers. (make this longer) Topic: It has been claimed that workers over 50 are not responsive to rapidly changing ideas in the modern workplace and that for this reason younger workers are to be preffered. To what extent would or support or reject this idea? 250 words DONE:These days, headquarters face paced, technologically advanced. Thus, many people say that between a younger candidate and an older employee, the recruited council should choose the former because of their adaptation to the new environment. I completely disagree with this point of view. The first reason why older employees are valuable is that they have accumulated knowledge over many years in the workforce. The fifty-year-old laborers have more life experiences than fresh post-college job prospects. These older employees have the experiences to finish tasks given by the employers more easily.Similarly, these more experienced individuals also can identify their abilities and choose suitable positions to apply. This is contrary to younger people who apply to any jobs they like, not caring about their qualifications. For instance: www. vietnamworks. com. vn is a reliable website for finding jobs in Vietnam and also helps companies to select the best Cvs for their available positions. This site often complains that there are a large amount of young people who send similar Cvs to all positions that they read on the websites. The second reason, that supports to select older workers, comes from characters of over-fifty workers.They are more mature and careful than younger workers. Older workers have more experience dealing with problems and troubleshooting to fix them. They may be easier to work with because of previous experience working as part of a team. Also, they are more likely to stay in a job at a company longer as young people move more frequently. The facts show that they always accept their jobs not only in good times, but also in the worst situations. Actually, i n this economy crisis, the employers usually choose new workers to let go when cuts need to be made, rather than the older more valuable workforce.To conclude, a Vietnamese saying goes: the older gingers are, the spicier they are. This is similar in the job force, as older workers possess experiences, characters and deserve to keep the important position in firms. They are impossible to be replaced by the young job seekers. Writing Task 2. Topic #1. (Feel free to answer this question. ) Many old buildings are protected by law because they are part of a nation's history. However, some people think old buildings should be knocked down to make way for new ones because people need houses and offices. How important is it to maintain old buildings?Should history stand in the way of progress? In recent year, modern constructions have been appeared so much in many places that many people think that it is a better way to have old architectures replaced by new appartements and offices. In thi s case, I completely support the former. Each country has separate characteristics that are attractive foreigner tourists, for example: France is famous for the Eiffel Towel, Champs- Elysees and Notre- Dame Cathedral, while saying to Big Ben, Buckingham Palace and House of Parliament is as same as mentioning to England.Also, the people travel to discover differences cultural significances, constructions, living styles of countries, in case without one of them is less interesting of nations. For example: People do not have to go beautiful landmarks because all is same modern styles. Similarly , it makes to decrease profit in tourism that occupies a big part of national economy. Keeping old buildings is synonymic to maintain history, culture, traditions. Clearly, most old architectures are related to history events or fairy stories in the past, since, it is better for pupils to come those places directly, not only through lectures and books.For instance: The name of Sword Lake in Hano i was concerned to the fairy story that King Le give sword back the turtle after borrowing it to against Northern invaders. Moreover, constructions also possesses cultures and traditions of periods that they have been experienced. In Hanoi, there are 36 ancient streets that is famous for their composition, eating culture, traditional vocational village that the modern ones cannot have. In conclusion, ancient constructions along with history is always important in every and each era. As a consequence, being a citizen of the world we must keep them as long as possible

Balochistan Conflict - Essay

The movement gained momentum during the 1960s, and amid consistent political disorder, the government ordered a military operation into the region in 1973, assisted by Iran, and inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The movement was largely quelled after the imposition of martial law in 1977, after which Baluchistan witnessed significant development. After insurgency groups again mushroomed in the 1990s and 2000s, the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the war in North-West Pakistan exacerbated the conflict, most recently manifested in the killings of non-Baloch settlers in the province by separatists since 2006. Background:- 1. First conflict 1948 (led by Prince Abdul Karim Khan) In April 1948, Baloch nationalists claim that the central government sent the Pakistan army, which allegedly forced Mir Ahmed Yar Khan to give up his state, Kalat. Kalat was a landlocked British protectorate that comprised roughly 22%–23% of Baluchistan. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan signed an accession agreement ending Kalats de facto independence. His brother, Prince Abdul Karim Khan, was a powerful governor of a section of Kalat, a position that he was removed from after accession. He decided to initiate an insurgency against Pakistan. On the night of May 16, 1948 Prince Abdul Karim Khan initiated a separatist movement against the Pakistani government. He conducted guerrilla warfare based in Afghanistan against the Pakistan army. 2. Second conflict 1958–59 (led by Nawab Nowroz Khan) Nawab Nowroz Khan took up arms in resistance to the One Unit policy, which decreased government represenation for tribal leaders. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan. Nowroz Khan and his followers were charged with treason and arrested and confined in Hyderabad jail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently hanged under charges of aiding murder of Pakistani troops and treason. Nawab Nowroz Khan later died in captivity. 3. Third conflict 1963–69 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) After the second conflict, the Federal government sent the Army to build new military bases in the key conflict areas of Baluchistan in order to resist further chaos. Nawab Khair Baksh marri appointed an unknow shero marri to lead like-minded militants in guerrilla warfare by creating their own insurgent bases spread out over 45,000 miles (72,000 km) of land, from the Mengal tribal area in the south to the Marri and Bugti tribal areas in the north. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the Sui gas fields with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribes land. This insurgency ended in 1969 and the Baloch separatists agreed to a ceasefire. Yahya Khan abolished the One Unit policy. This eventually led to the recognition of Baluchistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) in 1970, containing all the Baluchistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province and Gwadar, an 800 km2 coastal area purchased by the Pakistani Government from Oman. 4. Fourth conflict 1973–77 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) Citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Baluchistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those provinces. Dismissal of the provincial governments led to armed insurgency. Khair Bakhsh Marri formed the Baluchistan People’s Liberation Front (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government. According to some authors, the Pakistani military lost 300 to 400 soldiers during the conflict with the Balochi separatists, while between 7,300 and 9,000 Balochi militants and civilians were killed. 5. Fifth conflict 2004 – to date (led by Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri) In 2005, the Baluch political leaders Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the provinces resources and a Moratorium on the construction of military bases. On 15 December 2005, Inspector-General of Frontier Corps Maj Gen Shujaat Zamir Dar and his deputy Brig Salim Nawaz (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Baluchistan province. The provincial interior secretary later said that both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition. The two men had been visiting Kohlu, about 220 km (135 miles) south-east of Quetta, when their aircraft came under fire. The helicopter landed safely. In August 2006, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 79 years old, was killed in fighting with the Pakistan Army in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were killed. He was charged by Pakistans government of a series of bomb blasts, killings of the people he professed to protect and the rocket attack on the President Pervez Musharraf. In April 2009, Baloch National Movement president Ghulam Mohammed Baloch and two other nationalist leaders (Lala Munir and Sher Muhammad), were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers. The gunmen were allegedly speaking in Persian (a national language of neighboring Afghanistan and Iran) Five days later on April 8 their bodies, riddled with bullets were found in a commercial area. The BLA claims Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and light Baluchistan on fire (Herald) if they were truly responsible. The discovery of the bodies sparked â€Å"rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations and civil resistance in cities and towns around Baluchistan. On August 12, 2009, Khan of Kalat Mir Suleiman Dawood declared himself ruler of Baluchistan and formally made announcement of a Council for Independent Baluchistan. The Councils claimed domain includes Baloch of Iran, as well as Pakistani Baluchistan, but does not include Afghani Baloch regions,and the Council contains all separatist leaders including Nawabzada Bramdagh Bugti. He claims that the UK had a moral responsibility to raise the issue of Baluchistan’s illegal occupation at international level. Alleged Foreign Support for Baluch rebels Pakistan has repeatedly accused India, and occasionally the U. S. , of supporting the Baluch rebels in order to destabilize the country. India has however categorically denied the allegations on its part, stating that no concrete evidence has been provided. The facts are controversial, but Pakistan still continues to insist. Iran has repeatedly accused America of supporting Jundullah. After his capture, Jundullah leader Abdulmalek Rigi confirmed these allegations. The US has however denied this. However, neutral observers have repeatedly noted that the Baloch nationalist groups are poorly-trained in military tactics and strategy, and are currently outgunned by the Pakistani state. The groups are mainly armed with small non-automatic weapons and AK-47s, which are widely available in Pakistan, and they currently are not skilled at using Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), which is seen as strong circumstantial evidence that they are not supported by outside powers, contrary to the repeated statements of the Pakistani state. Baluchi rebels in Pakistan are said to receive major support from the Taliban in Afghanistan. In the 1980s the CIA, the Iraqi Intelligence Service, Pakistani Sunni extremist group Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan and the Mujahedin e-Kalq all supported a Baluchi tribal uprising against Iran. Pakistan has also accused India of giving citizenship to senior Balouch SeparatistSelig S. Harrison of the George Soros funded Center for International Policy has been calling for dividing Pakistan and supporting an independent Baluch province as a means to thwart growing relations between Islamabad and Beijing, as Pakistan has given China a base at Gwadar. These views have been separately promoted by Ralph Peters, an zionist strategic affairs analyst and former U. S. Army officer, and an expert on the Middle East and the Islamic world. Projects in Baluchistan Saindak Copper Gold Project: Saindak Copper-Gold Mine is located in Saindak town, district Chaghi Baluchistan, Pakistan. The discovery of copper deposits at Saindak was made in the 1970s in collaboration with a Chinese engineering firm. The Saindak Copper-Gold Project was set up by Saindak Metals Ltd, a company wholly owned by the government of Pakistan, by the end of 1995 at a cost of Rs. 13. 5 billion. Pakistan and China signed a formal contract worth $350 million for development of Saindak Copper-Gold Project.The court must now haul up senior officers of the FC to explain the role it is playing in Baluchistan. However, the Supreme Court alone cannot solve Baluchistan’s problems. The utter lack of confidence the Baloch have in the army and the federal government requires much greater action. Separatist sentiment is now running deep in the province and the provincial government lacks legitimacy because most political figures have boycotted mainstream p olitics. Bringing them back into the fold should be an immediate priority. This would require the army to recede and take a low profile, and an accounting of all those who went missing in the province. Following that, a far greater share in the spoils of Baluchistan’s economic development needs to be given to locals. From the development of a deep-sea port in Gwadar to royalties in mining projects, the Baloch feel they have been deliberately cheated out of profits from their resources. Only after this is rectified, will the separatist parties begin to tone down their

Summary of readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary of readings - Essay Example At this time the government also started taking other initiatives regarding the social rights of the people. The government started allocating a certain amount of budget for social security, which was yet another significant contribution to the social rights of the people. Currently Japan is facing a serious problem of population decline. The population growth rate of Japan has been declining for three years in a row. As announced by the Japanese government the population decline in 2012 was 212,000, which has not been recorded before in Japanese history. The number of children born in Japan has fallen drastically. According to projections made by the Japanese government, if the current decline in population continues then the Japanese population in 2030 will decline from 127.5 million to 116.6 million. The number of aged people in Japanese population surpassed over 30 million in 2012, which was yet another record. The number of increased elderly population means that the government has to increase the health expenditure in order to help the aged with their health issues. The government also has to pay certain amount of money to the aged which will further burden the national exchequer. The trend of taking interest in human rights began in 20th century, when a drastic increase in the social welfare activities of the state was seen. Major amount of the Japanese annual budget was allocated to health insurance for its people. It was at this time that labor union started emerging whose mere concerns was to rise the demands of the workers and speak for any kind of violation in labor rights. The Japanese employers also started introducing medical insurances that were given to the prominent employees of the company. All these events were contributions to the rights of the employees and to humanity as whole. The Japanese government while designing the human rights policies follows the Universal Declaration of Human rights. The policies implemented by the Japanese gover nment and employers are somewhat a successful contribution to the human rights, however there are certain drawbacks associated with it. The Japanese government has failed to make people understand the true meaning of human rights. However it is the major focus of the government to protect the social rights of their citizens and for this purpose the policies of the government are being updated, based on the changing demand of the population. The current alarming issue for the Japanese government is the decline in birth rate. There are several reasons behind this decline in birth rate. One of the reasons is low pay rates in Japan because of which the married couple usually works more. They are also aware about their increasing needs and that they have to work more if they want to afford more than the basic necessities. Therefore Japanese couples do not desire for more children. This is one of the main reasons of low birth rate in Japan. The other reason is that because of high literac y rate in Japan the Japanese women easily find well paid job which makes them less dependent on men for their needs. This further oppresses their need for a husband. The increasing number of old age population also highlights the issue of decreased labor force in Japan. The number of people in the Japanese labor force is predicted to decrease in the coming years. This can be a drawback for the Japanese

Working without Trade Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working without Trade Unions - Essay Example Trade unionism has been in existence in the UK for more than 200 years, as illegal associations at first but gained legal recognition later (Trade Unions 1980). In 1978, statistics revealed that membership with numerous trade unions total to around 13 million workers (Trade Unions 1980). Unions existing at present serve the interests of particular type of workers or industry (Theses on the Trade n.d.). Through the unions, the workers can bargain with the employers to grant them increases in wages or salaries, specific working hours, benefits, or day-off from work. Negative Impact of Trade Union Unionism was primarily established to protect the interests of the workers. However, it has also been used by workers to blackmail employers. Running a company would entail a lot of factors to consider and has to maintain a certain margin of profit in order to survive the competition. Workers and employees though would want to get more from their employers by using various legal modes to get m ore benefits. Thus, at a slight movement in the economy or inflation, they would lay down their demands to the companies. There is a collective bargaining agreement or CBA that governs the relationship of employers and workers. The CBA is a contract of labour between the company and the workers. It exists at a certain period of time after which, it has to be renegotiated by both parties. At such renegotiation, the workers present their new demands which the employer may or may not concede. At the renewal of the CBA contract, the workers would push hard so that their demands will be granted by the employer. Companies that operate well and earn more profits may grant the economic demands of the workers. However, with the erratic economic conditions resulting from the recent global slump that affected banking and financial institutions, as well as several industries, CBA renegotiation or too much demand from the workers can tilt the operations of companies. Radical or extreme unionism that tends to disrupt company operations is bad for the economy and the company. It also fosters unhealthy employee-employer relationship that breeds distrust on the part of both parties. According to Naylor and Santoni (2003, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006), there would be lesser foreign investments in a country where the bargaining power of trade unions on the aspect of wage is strong. There are studies though that do not support this position. Cooke (1997, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006) and Cooke and Noble (1998, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006) said that multinational firms in the US tend to invest in countries with decentralised wage bargaining process, and veer away from strong trade unionism. The Workplace Employee Relations Survey revealed that from 1990 to 1998, companies with unions undergo more closures than plants without unions (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). Generally, companies without unions boomed at an average of 1.4 percent per year within the same period (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). In contrast, firms with unions had been shrinking at an average of 1.8 percent yearly (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). Addison and Belfield (2002) said that the prevailing trend seen in unionised companies is its slowed effect upon employment growth. UKs 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Panel Survey (WER-PS), lasting for eight years, that contained around 50 percent of the 1990 Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (original companies surveyed totals 2,016) revealed that firms that have labour unions existing for a very long time have weak labour productivity (Addison & Belfield 2002). On the

The Impact of Using Maps as Evidence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Impact of Using Maps as Evidence - Assignment Example It has also been used to manage enforcement through making rational decisions on crime targets. Analysts through the geographical profiling have come up with theories of crime prevention. Research on profiled locations has shown that the work product has been successful and can also be presented as evidence in courts. In cases where evidence against a crime perpetrator is not enough, police enforcement argues that crime mapping should be used as evidence in legal procedures. However, crime mapping also has negative impacts that are used by critics to prevent it from being used as evidence in courts. Since crime mapping includes analysis and visualization of collected data, incorrect data and tendencies can provide misleading information (Chainey and Ratcliffe 2006). If this evidence is presented in court, it may lead to prosecution of innocent individuals. In addition, the trends and analysis should be analyzed using the right computer software and take into account all assumptions. Changes in demographic trends may lead to incorrect results. In some regions, the statistics may lead law enforcers to assume some of the areas that do not appear as crime weak spots in their maps. As a result, crime mapping analysts should take into account all negative impacts before letting their work product used in courts as

Case Study Starbucks Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks - Case Study Example The merchandise in the stores does not support the foundation of the coffee heritage Basically all the problems faced buy Starbucks today are due to unromantic streamlined operations. Although the decision for automation and streamlining operations have helped Starbucks expand and improve the customers experience in terms of speed of service and more extensive distribution(increased number of stores) but these operations have also distanced Starbucks from its tradition and heritage. The use of bagged coffee has solved the problem of availability of fresh coffee beans across long distances in time but has lead to the eradication of people scooping fresh coffee from bins and grinding it fresh in front of the customers. This in turn has lead to the absence of coffee grinders and other related merchandise in the stores giving the store a sterile and cookie cutter look lacking the warmth of a neighborhood store. As Starbucks is moving away from its heritage, it is loosing its competitive advantage, a coffee experience which is unique and exclusive and traditional, and competition is taking over in terms of generating trial through awareness and loyalty of customers. According to my analysis, the first thing Starbucks should do is to improve store design which should reflect the traditional coffee experience like the wooden counters of the first store, neighborhood store look etc. Automation has made business more efficient, hence realistically thinking, Starbucks should not do away with it but integrate the traditional and automated process of making coffee. This means that although automated machines should be used but are use of La Marzocca machines for coffee should also be offered on customers. Segmentation should be done on the basis of geography and culture, and flavors should also be customized keeping this in mind. More programs like "coffee master programs" should be introduced which improve both, customer satisfaction and employee motivations. These programs also relate to rituals of wine industry giving Starbucks an edge in developing premium brands. Sales promotion is essential for penetration among the masses. In addition to in store merchandise, accessories like t-shirts and mugs can be used in promotions which reflect the essence of Starbucks tradition, stories and rituals on them for the costumers to take home and have a long lasting experience. Lastly, new flavors should be introduced coupled with a story which relates to the tradition and roots of Starbucks origin and the region it is being introduced. Starbucks is loosing its edge and as its chairman Howard Schultz (2007) said "we desperately need to look in the mirror and realize it's time to get back the core and make

Case study National Grid - Developing skills in a large organization Term Paper

Case study National Grid - Developing skills in a large organization through training and development - Term Paper Example In the past, numerous workers with diverse duties employed the name of â€Å"Company analyst† in spite of their responsibilities, backdrop or expertise set. We have established â€Å"business analysts† who are information analysts or scientifically-oriented systems forecasters or even scientific authors. Nowadays, the Global Institute of Company Analysts (IICA) has assisted defining the practice of BAs both more cautiously and more methodically and has created the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK Guide) that sets out the information areas significant to the company analyst. This manual has become the acknowledged benchmark for the BA career. Nevertheless, whereas the BABOK Guide comprises important information, it is not a bit by bit procedure that BAs may follow. In other terms, awareness of the Guide’s constituents alone is not sufficient to guarantee success (National Grid, n.d). Analysts who may essentially carry out the BA function as stipulated by the BABOK as well as the IICA are not many and wide. .As the occupation becomes extra famous and trade analysts are perceived as critical affiliates of every project body, the BAs presently in a company cannot have the expertise or knowledge needed to productively carry out significant projects. Or, as is frequently the situation, there are basically not sufficient company analysts to satisfy investment demands. Companies can be compelled to use untrained employees or go devoid of a significant tactical resource on the whole (National Grid, n.d). Organizations that require company analysts may discover it hard to draw and maintain trained venture-tested talent. On the other hand, even when there is a scarcity of funds, the job must be accomplished. The effect may be to rely too profoundly on the know-how of a selected a small number of over-worked, company analyses. This shortage of bench power will cripple a business as major forecasters become too profoundly allocated, or shoddier,

Lab6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab6 - Essay Example The next largest amount of energy consumed is by the clothes dryer, which averages about 1000 kwh per year. An average refrigerator appears to use, approximately, 700 kwh per year. Using the information provided on the website the cost to run an average refrigerator in one year is about $110 per year (Tips: Appliances) â€Å"Green pricing† is the prices given to those individuals that wish to purchase renewable energy directly from their company that provides it. This is something that I would consider participating in, however I would be more likely to invest in energy alternatives on my own and eliminate the need for anymore middle men. Visual inspections inside and outside your home can help you determine if you possibly have a air leak, check the areas around light switch plates and sockets. You can also the household cable lines, which can also lead to air leaks (Detecting Air Leaks). Two very simple things that one can do to save energy in the fall and winter months includes, opening up all the southern facing windows during the day to allow the sun to help naturally heat your home and turning town the temperature on the hot water heater (Fall and Winter Energy-Saving Tips). There are three ways the heat flows through house. Conduction, which is how heat moves through a material, Convection, which is the way that heat moves around through liquids and gases, and finally, radiant heat is the heat absorbed by things in its path. The use of insulation is helpful to primarily reduce the conduction of heat throughout the home (Insulation). Tankless water heaters are exactly as they sound they are a heating element for the water demands without an actual tank. One great positive is that these systems can lead to greener energy efficiency and the negative includes the fact that more water is wasted while one must wait for the water to get hot. In order to determine

Catholiicism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Catholiicism - Assignment Example This prompted many natives in dedicating themselves to serving church rather that working. This is due to the then priests’ intensive evangelization for many of them were energetic and enthusiastic, which triggered vigor not only among the entire clergy but also among Catholics. Hence, this led to significant changes that conveyed difference from the 20Th era up to date assuming ethnicity and pluralism. Ethnicity encompasses an internal state of irrespective of numerous State churches comprising a single American Catholic. This is because of numerous immigrants who relocated to America each based on own ethnic group differed significantly with the other including their own credence regarding Catholics. Hence, giving rise to conflicts on whose way of worship was acceptable way of being Catholic (Albanese 71). The force was so strong that they even fought to maintain their identity similar to Irish in 19Th era. Pluralism refers to peripheral state of one church being among numerous denominations. Although Catholic comprises the minority, it poses a threat to Protestants due to demonstrations and nativist (Albanese 76). This was evident in 1834 whereby due Nativism incidence churches incurred great loses due to destruction through torching. This is because both Protestants and Catholics intended were at loggerheads whereby each intending to lead in America in terms of masses. Consequently, this prompted a catholic archbishop conceive the idea of coming up with Catholic System schools. Centrally to the initial state of evangelization by Catholics together with many becoming nuns, the onset of 20Th era was quite different. This is because of reduction of nuns as many people preferred material gain that came with white-collar jobs; hence, they saw vows regarding chastity and poverty being too demeaning. This is evident to date whereby numerous Catholics only attend church during Holy days like Good Friday, which is an

Global Context of Modern Business Essay Example for Free

Global Context of Modern Business Essay China is believed to have the oldest continuous civilisation. China has over 4,000 years of provable history. Beijing is the capital of China and is the most important point for the country. The official language is standard Chinese, which is derived from the Mandarin language however most business people speak English. There are many dialects in China however there is only one written language. A communist form of government rules China. The Chinese government promotes atheism although the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The Chinese practice a variety of religions however Confucianism; despite not being a formal religion is practiced widely throughout the country. China is the most densely populated county in the world with approximately 1. 3 billion people as of mid- 2008. Almost 100 percent of the population are ethnic or Han Chinese. There are strict rules regarding childbirth and each couple is limited to only one child. Opportunities There are lot of trade and investment opportunities for exporters in the China market. Some of the major sectors currently experiencing rapid growth are: processed food and beverages, gambling, transport, IT and telecommunications, minerals and energy, environment protection, building construction products and services. Three of the major growth industries though are the exporting of education, processed food and wine products. Education The foreign education sector in China is split in two students studying abroad and foreign education service providers establishing a presence in Shanghai. The type of students interested in Australia includes those who desire pure language study and those who wish to study university degrees right through to post-graduate/MBA studies etc. As the cost of overseas study remains high, pursuing qualifications through foreign accredited institutions in China has become more practical and more popular. Course delivery can take two forms. One is the foreign school catering exclusively to expatriates, which can be wholly foreign owned and the investor need not be an education entity. The other is a co-operative arrangement or twinning with a Chinese institution where local students are the target markets. These schools are encouraged to provide vocational education. Foreign investors must have a Chinese partner who can lodge an application with the local education authorities for approval. Processed Food As Chinese become more prosperous, demand for more sophisticated products, with a greater emphasis on quality, convenience and freshness continues to grow. This means that significant unsatisfied demand for richly processed foods exists. There has always been a stable market for imported foods in China, especially in respect to hotels, bars and western style restaurants. Increasingly, Chinese consumers themselves are becoming to lay great stress on brand and brand loyalty than before. This means that companies with a strong international brand and aggressive marketing strategies continue to hold large market shares. Foreign companies that have been given permission by the Chinese government to set up supermarket chains include Yaohan, Wellcome, Parkson, Park N Shop, Careful, Pricemart and CHC. These companies are setting up supermarkets in a limited number of locations. Wine Wine is especially popular in the large cities of China (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou) and has great potential given the increasing disposable income of local people, the health benefits of drinking wine and the government campaign against grain-based alcoholic drinks. However, many Chinese have little knowledge of table wine, and few people can differentiate quality and appreciate the taste. With this in mind, and excellent promotional tool could be wine appreciation and information courses to educate food and beverage managers, restaurant owners and waiters. This would also attract high-income earners and may ultimately stimulate the consumption of quality wine. The Chinese wine market is price sensitive and consequently locally manufactured wine holds the largest market share. French companies are active in setting up joint venture either growing grapes and manufacturing wine or bottling bulk-imported wine. Better quality wine is limited to hotels and restaurants and consumed mostly by Western diners. To successfully sell wine in China, local bottling of bulk-imported wine is considered the most economical and practical way to supply the local market with a competitively priced product. The opportunities arise from rapid economic growth in the worlds largest market and the availability of a cheap manufacturing base from which to sell to China and the world. From a manufacturing perspective, China in the long run will be distinguished by its overall business strength and structure, including the huge investments made to ensure China has a modern competitive manufacturing sector. All businesses need to be clear about whether they want to sell or manufacture in China. Long-term, China business strategies should not be based on the availability of cheap labour this is disappearing as China becomes wealthier. The number of high net-worth individuals on the Chinese mainland has hit a record high and they are continuing to spend, according to the Hurun 2009 Wealth Report. The study found 825,000 mainland Chinese – or one in 1,700 – with a personal wealth of at least US$1 million. And now the rich are more likely to be found in second- and third-tier mainland cities. A new generation of consumers is emerging in China they are young, well educated and familiar with non-Chinese cultures. This Y generation of 240 million, born between 1980 and 1990, is now the highest earning age group in the country and is looking for a new way of life. They typically live in the major cities on the Eastern seaboard of China and in particular in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou where GDP per person is now over US$5,000 but corresponds in Purchasing Power Parity terms to four times that amount. Challenges Starting to do business in China is likely to be more costly and time consuming than in other markets. Challenges arise because of Chinas size, its gold rush style growth and the fact China has a very different business culture and environment from what businesses in other countries are used to. China is different in size, culture, politics, geography, history and economic structure. These issues can present challenges for companies looking to sell or invest in China which can only be overcome by thorough research, spending a lot of time in-market and following a focused business plan. Language and culture barriers The main challenges of doing business in China would be language and culture barriers. Before you visit China, it will be a definitely good idea to prepare yourself by studying aspects of Chinese language, culture, history, and geography. Your hosts will appreciate your initiative. If you speak Chinese, they will really appreciate your efforts and take your initiative of doing business in China more seriously than if you do not speak any of their language. Moreover, your ability of being able to understand Chinese language will help you to establish a successful business. It is essential for the foreign-funded enterprises to understand the China’s culture, especially regarding the culture of Guangxi (relationship), so as to be able to gain the popularity and trust of China population. With a good relationship, business can become smoother and probability of failure will be greatly reduced. Stronger bonds can also be built with the customers, suppliers and partners. In China, Guangxi is a complicated field. A special feature of doing business in China will be that Guangxi will have to include relationship with the government body, investors, partners and even relationship with your own staff, so when doing business in China, it is important for foreign investors to learn to coordinate with the China government, especially establishing good relationship with government bodies dealing with foreign trade and economic cooperation. Government procedures Governmental procedures for foreign investors in establishing investments in China is extremely complicated, thus if one is unfamiliar of the procedures, one will delay his business opportunities. Therefore it is important for one to be familiar with the investment procedures before carrying out his investment in China. A safer and more appropriate way will be to seek help from local organisations familiar in the same field of business or consultant firms who are able to provide professional advice and assistance. Determination and patience may be essential for an investor to be successful, however it is necessary for one to require help from professional bodies to ensure that success will be achieved. Conclusion China’s labour market very much appeals to many foreign investors. This is because on one hand, labour cost is low, and on the other hand China’s workforce has become matured and their skills have been constantly upgraded, especially in the coastal cities. Educational development is undergoing at a wonderful pace in China, thus it is no longer difficult to hire high quality labour force in China today. Many successful foreign investors have even credited their success in China to their China’s local staff. One big problem that is causing headache to foreign investors is how to maintain good relationship (Guangxi) with the local staff. First of all, top management should cultivate the company’s vision and values into the employees because what the local people are taught under China’s educational system may crash with the foreign management system. Thus only by letting the employees understand the company better can allow the company to function better.

What Are the Key Problem Facing the Worlds in the 21 Century Essay Example for Free

What Are the Key Problem Facing the Worlds in the 21 Century Essay Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Humankind, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when people communicated only face-to-face to nowadays when a person has in use many types of communication means. Some people still prefer to use face-to-face communication despite many other sometimes more convenient ones such as phone, mail, e-mail and fax. I think to continue this essay it is essential to clarify what kind of conversation we are talking about. For example, if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how ones opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc. Scientists say that the body language and facial gestures can say many thing about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits. To know what kind of man one is dealing with is very essential aspect in negotiation. Many managers prefer to have with the future employees face-to-face conversation. So, in this case they see how a person behaves. From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my banks too. To summarize, from my opinion all important issues better be discussed in face-to-face conversation. It will eliminate many farther misunderstandings and bring only benefits to both sides.

Punishment In Islamic Law

Punishment In Islamic Law Introduction In every society, security and stability are basic needs no less important than other needs like food and clothing. Travis Hirschi propounded a theory of social control that emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behaviour  [1]  . It specifies the fact that no society can afford to denounce criminal activity without duly accepting its responsibility towards the same. In other words the theory of social control elaborates on the onus that is shared by society and devised control mechanisms to ensure a safe social arena, one that is devoid of any type of delinquency. Man have been conscious of the need for security since the beginning of life and with the formation and evolution of society, we now have what is known as the establishment of the state or government and the formation of laws. The development of these man-made laws did not come to completion except in the last few centuries after a long experience of trial and error  [2]  . On the other hand, the Law of Islam that was sent down to Muhammad in Allahs (SWT) final message to mankind has paid careful attention to this matter and has come with a complete legal system. Taking into consideration the changing circumstances of society as well as the consistency and permanence of human nature, it contains comprehensive principles and general rules suitable for dealing with all the problems and circumstances that life may bring in any time or place. Likewise it has set down punishments for certain crimes that are not affected by changing conditions and circumstances. In this way Islamic Law combines between stability, flexibility and firmness  [3]  . Punishment in general Punishment is defined as the act of punishing or the process of being punished  [4]  . Theories of punishment can be divided into two general philosophies, the utilitarian theory and the retributive theory. The utilitarian theory of punishment aims at punishing offenders to discourage or deter future wrongdoing. The purpose of punishment is to act as an example to the rest of society and put others on notice that criminal behaviour will not be tolerated and will be punished. The retributive theory on the other hand seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished. Punishments under Islamic Law As with all penal systems, the Islamic law system prescribes punishments when someone is found guilty of a wrongdoing. The philosophy of punishments in Islam indicates that Islam provides punishment only as a last resort and the purpose behind it is reform brought about through a blending of human values and justice tempered with mercy. Punishments in Islam reflects its values where it puts the interest of the society before the interest of an individual  [5]  . The punishment can be severe depending on the crime but have to abide with strict rules and have prominent features  [6]  . Some of the features of punishment are as follows  [7]  :- Punishments are meant to be a last resort; Punishments are made to be examples to the public; Punishment are to reform an offender; Punishments are a form of retribution for the victim. The punishment system in Islam is aimed towards the three dimension of any crime being the criminal, society and the victim. To criminals punishment is kaffara (purification) and reforming for the re-acceptance into society. To society on the other hand, punishment is a preventive method to save society from crimes and finally to victims, punishment is a means of retribution. Punishments in Islamic Law were set down to protect and secure the ultimate five elements of peoples interests: al-dharuriyat (necessities). These are deen (belief), an-Nafis (life), al-aqil (intellect), al-mal (wealth) and an-nasil (family and lineage). The types of punishment There are four categories of punishment that criminals may be subjected to, namely, Hadd (literally meaning boundaries), Qisas (retribution) and Diyat (blood money), Tazir (chastisement) and Mukhalafat (which covers areas of the rights of the state). Hadd Hadd (plural hudud) literally means boundaries or prohibition  [8]  . It is considered to be the most severe of crimes as they go against Gods will and punishments for these crimes are fixed as they have been prescribed by Allah (SWT) in the Holy Quran  [9]  . The seven offences prescribed are zina (illicit sexual relations), qazaf (false accusation of zina), sariqah (theft), hirabah (highway robbery), shrub al-khamr (consumption of alcohol), riddah (apostasy), and baghy (rebellion against the government). These offences appear to have been selected to indicate that life, family institution, property, honour and social order have to be protected. Evidence for these crimes have to be provided by abiding to stringent rules thus, making conviction difficult  [10]  . If the crime is proven, offenders for these crimes are punished in public as a measure of deterrence  [11]  . However it is only carried out as a last resort after a thorough effort at reforming the person ha s totally failed. For example, riddah, where a Muslim renounces his or her faith, it is treated as treason. A mandatory punishment has been set for this offense. Males face beheading, while females face imprisonment until the time where they renounce their new belief and revert to the teachings of Islam. However, every effort is made to allow the male offender to revert to Islam including receiving visits of religious officials before the punishment is inflicted.  [12]   The punishments that have been set and have to be carried out if all criteria for evidence have been satisfactorily met for the rest of the offences prescribed above are  [13]  : Zina A married individual would face death by stoning while an unmarried person would face 100 lashes. Qazaf 80 lashes are mandatory for a free person while slaves face 40 lashes Sariqah A first time offender faces amputation of one hand at the wrist, a second time offender faces amputation of the second hand while a third time offender face either amputation at the ankle or imprisonment until the individual repents. Hirabah If death is caused, the offender faces death by beheading. If no death occurs, the offender faces cross-limb amputation. If the offender is arrested before commission, he is imprisoned until repentance. Shrub al-khamr 80 lashes are mandatory for a free person while 40 lashes are mandatory for slaves or those in the Shafii school Baghy Death is imposed for those who fight and are captured. However, tazir punishments are for those who are arrested or surrender. Looking at the punishments set out above, it appears as very severe and harsh but the main purpose of hudud punishments is to deter the commission of crime in the very first place. Taking the example of sariqa (theft), Allah SWT proclaims, As to the thief, male or female cut off his or her hands, a punishment by way of example, from God, for their crime: and God is Exalted in power  [14]  . Islam does not tolerate theft as it deprives a person of their hard earned money and belongings. Looking at the above verse, it is clear that the intention to punish the offender is to set an example for the rest of society that an act of stealing will not be condoned or accepted by God. What hudud seeks to bring is peace and order and disciplined behaviour as people would seriously consider their actions to do an evil deed as they know the punishment that awaits them is severe. This is the wisdom of hudud. But this is not to say that under Islamic Law, at the slightest chance available, punishment will be imposed. On the contrary, punishments would only be imposed as a last resort where all the conditions and elements of the crime have been satisfied. Qisas Diyat Another feature of Islamic Law is the right of retribution (Qisas). The concept of retribution is explained in the Holy Quran as follows: The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree), but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God, for (God) loveth not those who do wrong.  [15]   In simple terms, Qisas follows the doctrine of an eye for an eye, where the punishment is similar to the crime. As Qisas is usually reserved for crimes that involve homicide or bodily harm, for a crime of homicide, the punishment would be death while a crime involving bodily harm, the punishment would be to inflict an injury comparable to the harm caused. A unique feature of the punishment of these crimes is that the victim is able to request for punishment or to forgive the offender  [16]  . The victim may also request for diyat (blood money), a form of compensation paid by the offender to the victim, the amount of which has to be equal to the loss incurred and not more. In a hadith narrated by Imam Nissai it mentions that every part of the body has blood money, for example the blood money for the eyes is the equivalent of 50 camels, etc  [17]  . Tazir Tazir punishments are discretionary punishments that do not fall under the jurisdiction of hudud or qisas and cannot be used as an alternative to these punishments. Tazir can, however, be used if a crime has been committed but has not met the standards of hudud or if the offender has been pardoned by the victim. They are the most flexible type of punishment because they take into account the needs of society and changing social conditions. It is also flexible enough to realize the maximum general benefit to society, effectively reform the criminal and reduce the harm that was caused. The punishments may range from anywhere between a warning to death. One famous example happened in the time of Umar ibn al-Khattab (ra), where he punished a scholar who gave false testimony. He ordered that the scholar should have his head shaved, his face painted black, and he paraded semi-clothed in front of people while sitting backwards on a donkey  [18]  . But the punishment can be just as severe as the punishments under hudud. The power to punish is given to the judge or to the legal authorities. The purpose of tazir is to prevent an offender from repeating the offence or to incline a person to fulfil his or her duty. A number of factors go into choosing the appropriate punishment under tazir one of which is the situation of the offender where aspects such as the social status of the offender as it is believed those from the commoners require harsher punishment to reform than those in higher classes. It has to also be determined if the offender has committed similar crimes in the past, making the punishment individualized.  [19]   Mukhalafat This covers the areas of the rights of the state. A person or group contravenes a law which the state has enacted such as exceeding the speed limit or parking in no parking areas. The punishment imposed is at the discretion of the judge or the legal authorities. Kaffarah If a person who has not fulfilled their duty (such as not fasting or performing prayers), the individual is required to pay kaffarah or penance. It is not meant to be a punishment rather it is a reminder of their obligations. There are three forms of kaffarah which are offering a sacrifice, feeding six orphans or the poor and performing fast for three days.  [20]  The kaffarah that needs to be performed depends on the violation that had occurred.  [21]  It is interesting to note that the crime here is not one which is against the state or another individual but is a failure to fulfil ones duty or obligations under Islam of which there are also punishments prescribed. Punishment as a last resort Severity of punishments as a form of prevention and deterrence The ultimate aim for a Muslim society is that its citizens do not commit crimes at all and so there should be no occasion to resort to extreme punishments like the amputation of the hand in cases of theft or flogging or being stoned to death in cases of zina. The very thought of watching someone lose a hand for committing theft is definitely unpleasant and considered harsh which is why it is not surprising that hudud punishments often make the headlines in the media due to its severity. However the severity of the punishment is to serve as a prevention and deterrence from committing these crimes in the first place. It is better to be severe to one and save a thousand than to be indulgent to all and ruin many. Allah SWT is certainly a good surgeon who does not hesitate to amputate a rotten limb to save the whole body  [22]  . Just imagine if you see someone walking around with only one hand because he was punished under hudud for stealing, you would keep away from such person. Thi s indirectly causes stigmatization for the offender as society would not want to be associated with an offender. This is another motivating factor to desist from committing the crime. Further, just because punishments under Islamic Law are seen to be harsh, it does not necessarily make them unjust. According to Abdur-Rahman.Doi  [23]  , incidences of cutting off the hands are rare in an Islamic society for two reasons. Firstly, statistically speaking, the simple enforcement of hudud punishment itself has a significant deterring effect on potential offenders which inadvertently reduces the crime rate in a society administered by Shariah. He cites the example of Saudi Arabia (in spite of the distorted ideology of its government) in recent times and the era of the first generation of Muslims more than fourteen hundred years ago  [24]  . Secondly, the procedure in seeking conviction of an alleged offender is so elaborate and strict and involves a host of exceptions and conditions, as a result of which in most cases the offenders punishment is reduced from the level of Hadd to Tazir, where the judgement is left to the discretion of the judge. Fear of Allah (SWT) and accountability in the Hereafter According to Muslim jurists, punishments are designed to keep the sense of justice alive in the community by a public repudiation of the acts violating the limits set by God. They are expected to build up in the society a deep feeling of abhorrence for transgression against fellow human beings and therefore against God, a transgression which according to the Quran is the root cause of all disorders and corruption in human life  [25]  . Hence severe punishments are imposed for purposes of dissuading most people from committing crimes. For this purpose it imbues the Muslims with the fear of Allah (SWT) and inculcates the sense of accountability in the Hereafter, as it is believed that punishment should be prevented as far as possible. When it is said to him, Fear God, he is led by arrogance to (more) crime. Enough for him is Hell;- and evil bed indeed (to lie on)!- Surah Al-Baqarah 2: 206 And fear the Day when ye shall be brought back to God. Then shall every soul be paid what it earned, and none shall be dealt with unjustly- Surah Al-Baqarah 2:281 Punishment is a necessary evil Abdur-Rahman Doi, in his encyclopaedic work Shariah: The Islamic Law makes an insightful observation that the Quran generally adopts the same word for punishment (retribution) as for the original crime  [26]  . Therefore, both crime and punishment are known as Sayyiah (evil). By using the same word for both crime and punishment, it implies that punishment although justified by circumstances is truly speaking nothing but a necessary evil  [27]  . This being the case, at the first instance where a crime has been committed, Islam seeks to forgive and reform the offender wherever possible. However, where it is clear that it is unlikely for the offender to reform or to mend his or her ways punishment would then be imposed as a last resort. Waiver of punishments in the presence of doubt Any shred of evidence that is doubtful or circumstantial will prevent punishment. It is narrated in the Seerah (life) of Muhammad (saw) how he would exert himself to avert the punishment when individuals asked for punishment to be implemented upon them  [28]  . It is narrated that Muhammad (saw) said, To free someone criminal mistakenly is better than to punish someone innocent mistakenly  [29]   Aisha narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said : Ward off punishment as much as you can. If you find any way out for a Muslim then set him free. If the Imam makes a mistake in granting forgiveness, it is better for him than that he should commit a mistake in imposing punishment. Hence should there be even a single iota of doubt on the evidence, hudud punishment in such circumstances should not be imposed. An example of this is in the case of adultery (zina) where the testimonies of four eye witnesses are required to prove the crime. Allah SWT says, If any of your women are guilty of lewdness, take the evidence of four (reliable) witnesses from amongst you against them; and if they testify, confine them to houses until death do claim them, or God ordain for them some (other) way  [30]  . If there is a little doubt, no Hudud penalty is given at all, instead they will then be subject to the punishment of qadhf (false accusation). Hence, Hudud punishments are waived in the presence of doubt, and that benefit of the doubt is always given to the accused. The Right of Retribution Under Islamic law, it offers the aggrieved party the right of retribution. This right of retribution belongs to the individual, and not to the society or state. This simple shift in the responsibility brings about a profound change in the whole system of implementing justice. Instead of starting an irreversible process of trial and punishment which would involve a great deal of time and costs, Islamic law leaves the ground open for settlement between individuals, without the interference by impersonal bureaucratic machinery, though under no circumstances can the individual take the law into his or her own hands  [31]  . If we compare this with a country like Malaysia which has its own Criminal Laws enshrined under the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code, where a person is a victim of theft or robbery for example, the action against the accused is brought by the state and not the victim. Also where all the elements of the crime are satisfied, the accused would be either imprisoned for a period which may extend to seven years, fined or in some cases to both imprisonment and fine. Under this criminal law system, the tax payer who may include the victim themselves would be burdened with taking care of the welfare of the accused whilst in prison. Fines paid are paid to the state and not to the victim who is actually the aggrieved party. It was only recently that Malaysia introduced the concept of victim impact statements in courts. This is an avenue provided to the victims of crimes to voice their feelings in relation to the offence committed against them of which the victim impact statements will be considered when imposing sentencing or punishment. Hence what is certain from the Malaysian Criminal Law system is that unlike the Islamic legal system upon the establishment of guilt and where the accused is found guilty of the crime, the imposition of punishment is definite and as a matter of first choice. The Concept of Forgiveness The concept of forgiveness is one of the main elements under the concept of punishment under Islamic law. In Islamic Law the wishes of the victim or his family is given an important role in deciding whether or not the punishment should be carried out. The victim is allowed to pardon the perpetrator because the punishment in crimes under Qisas is considered the right of the victim and is avoidable because whoever forgives and makes amends, his reward is due from Allahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [32]  . The ideal way is not to seek revenge at all but reconciliation and to make the offender realize the gravity of his or her offence. The Concept of Tawbah The concept of tawbah is also another element of interest. If an individual does commit crime, Islam allows the individual to repent (tawbah) as Islam believes in awarding its believers a second chance. Tawbah brings the meaning of return from sin.  [33]  The concept of tawbah can be clearly seen to be encouraged in the Holy Quran through the verse, But if the thief repents after his crime, and amends his conduct, God turneth to him in forgiveness: for God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful  [34]  ; and Except those who repent and make amends and openly declare (the Truth): to them I turn for I am Oft-returning, Most Merciful- Surah Al Baqarah 2:160. One is said to have repented if there is a feeling of genuine remorse, shame and resolve to not repeat the crime.  [35]  Where a person has repented before being caught or arrested, the effect of this is that it can remit the hadd punishment. Islams approach towards crime prevention Islam has looked towards crime prevention more than punishing the criminal. This is akin to the English saying Prevention is better than cure. For this purpose Islam has prescribed preventative measures that are to be taken in order to curb crime in the society. Some of the key measures that are thought to help members of the society to resist the urge to commit crimes  [36]  are as follows:- Moral Development and pre-crime reform Self purification is one of the main goals of the Prophets (peace be upon him) mission  [37]  . In Surah Al- Baqarah 2: 112 it says, Nay,- whoever submits his whole self to God and is a doer of good,- he will get his reward with his Lord; on such shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. The teachings of Allah aim towards performing what is good and abstaining from harm. When the individuals heart is with the Almighty God, he does not allow for his ego to control his mind and its animal demands, so indirectly one abstains from committing crimes. It is also for this reason that Muslims are required to pray five times a day so as they are constantly reminded that there is an Almighty who created them and they should bow their head in total humbleness towards God. It is a collective mindful meditation that helps you not to forget who you are and where you belong. In a Muslim society Khurram Murad argued that every institution is value oriented and owes a responsibility towards the moral development of every person. Reform is therefore a pre-crime responsibility and not a post-crime syndrome  [38]  . Islamic Law makes an effort to ensure that the inducement to commit crime is minimal. This is for instance the reason behind the complete prohibition of consuming intoxicants and intense free-mixing of unrelated members of the opposite genders. Part of pre-crime reform involves development of an environment where preventive measures are already in place. Once the crime is committed however, the best place for reform is in the family and in society where a criminal is to live after the punishment and not in a prison where every inmate is a criminal  [39]  . While Shariah protects society by legislating punishments and preventative measures against crimes, it does not resort to punishment without first preparing for the individual a situation conducive to a virtuous life. It would be considered unjust from the standpoint of Shariah to allow a hazardous act, such as drinking alcohol and then punish a person for drinking while driving. Family Family is considered as the pillar of society. Children look up to their parents as the teachers of customs, practices and morality. Hence stable relationships between parents , spouses and children reduces the need for engaging in criminal activities. Research has shown that children from single parent homes, dysfunctional families, etc are usually involved in crime as a means to stay away from the problems at home or for purposes of seeking attention. Therefore a strong family bond coupled with religious and moral beliefs and teachings would not create a need for people to commit crimes. The fight against poverty This refers to the societys duty to help the poor (in the way of zakat) as poverty is said to be one of the reasons behind the occurrence of crime. The Holy Quran has introduced zakat as one of the good deeds which leads to the purification and development. In Surah Al-Baqarah 2 :110, it provides, And be steadfast in prayer and regular in charity: and whatever good ye send forth for your souls before you, ye shall find it with God: for God sees well all that ye do. In a Muslim state, every individual is entitled to social security through the public treasury where funds are collected from various sources including the obligatory annual payment of zakat. Where a citizen is driven by force of circumstances since he could not earn his living for himself or his family due to lack of employment opportunities or was not taken care of by the central treasury, the society and government will be considered at fault and no hudud punishment will be imposed on the accused. It is keeping with this principle that Umar bin-al-Khattab the second Caliph or ruler of Muslims after Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) did not apply the hudud punishment to those accused of theft during the period of famine in the state of Madinah  [40]  . Similarly, if a person is found stealing out of hunger or to fulfil his basic needs, then no punishment is meted out to him as it is deemed that the fault lies with society and government because it is their duty to see that no person is without means to support himself or his family with dignity. And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the (needy), him who asked, and him who (for some reason) was prevented (from asking). Surah Al Dhariyat (51:19) In Malaysia for example, a mother who stole a tin of milk for purposes of feeding her child was sentenced to a days jail and imposed a RM500 fine in default of one months jail  [41]  . One tends to wonder looking at the sentence passed if the sentence imposed was compassionate and justified considering the circumstances that drove the mother to steal in the first place. Also if the mother had RM500, she would not need to resort to stealing in the very first place. Further being the sole breadwinner, in the event she is unable to pay the fine, then she would need to serve her one month prison sentence and risk being separated from her child. This is the implication of the stringent criminal laws in Malaysia. Conclusion To live in constant fear of being attacked or robbed is surely unacceptable state of affairs. The thoughts and ideas that are prevalent in the society around us affect the way people behave and in this society people are constantly motivated to increase their wealth and become prosperous. But when this is combined with the notion of freedom, people then put no limits for themselves on how to achieve these aims, and crime is a